Europaudvalget 2015
KOM (2015) 0572
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EUROPEAN
COMMISSION
Brussels, 18.11.2015
SWD(2015) 225 final
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT
Country Factsheet Germany
Accompanying the document
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
COMMITTEE, THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS AND THE EUROPEAN
INVESTMENT BANK
State of the Energy Union
{COM(2015) 572}
{SWD(2015) 208 à 209}
{SWD(2015) 217 à 224}
{SWD(2015) 226 à 243}
EN
EN
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Towards an Energy Union
Germany
Macroeconomic relevance of energy
IMPORTANCE OF THE ENERGY SECTOR
The value added of the energy sector in Germany represented about 2.1% of the total gross added
value in 2012 in line with the EU average. It was 1.9% in 2005. In parallel, the share of direct
employment in the energy sector in Germany is on a slight declining trend compared to 2005. At
about 0.60% of the total employment, this share is still higher than the EU average.
2.4
2.0
0.6
1.6
Value added of energy sector
% of
gross
value added (total economy)
0.8
Employment in energy sector
% of total employment
DE
1.2
DE
0.4
EU27
EU27
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.0
0.0
2005
2012
2005
2012
Source: EUROSTAT – National Accounts
According to EurObserv'ER the share of direct
and indirect renewable energy related
employment in total employment of the
economy in Germany was at about 0.92%,
above the EU average of 0.53% in 2013
Source: European Commission, based on EurObserv'ER and
EUROSTAT
TRADE BALANCE OF ENERGY PRODUCTS
The energy trade balance of Germany has deteriorated from 2006 to 2014 from -2.8% of GDP to -
2.9% of GDP. The deficit is bigger than the EU average in GDP terms. Germany is a net exporter of
electricity with a stable level at about 0.07 % of GDP in 2006 and 2014. For the other energy
commodities, the trade balance of Germany is negative, with the largest deficit for oil followed by
gas and coal. Nonetheless, the trade deficit has started to shrink for oil and gas and to a lesser extent
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Towards an Energy Union - Germany
for coal since 2013. This contributes to a German current account that consistently shows a very high
surplus (7.4% in 2014).
Trade balance of energy product and current account
balance, 2006
8
6
Trade balance of energy product and current account
balance, 2014
8
6
% of GDP
% of GDP
4
2
0
-2
-4
DE
EU28
4
2
0
-2
-4
DE
EU28
Coal
Oil
Electricity
Gas
C. A. Balance
Coal
Oil
Electricity
Gas
C. A. Balance
Source: EUROSTAT
Note: Current account balance for EU28 from European Commission (AMECO)
1. Energy Security, solidarity and trust
ENERGY MIX
The energy mix of Germany is broadly similar with the one of the EU-28, with the notable difference
of a higher share of "coal and other solid fuels" and a lower share of nuclear energy. Germany’s
energy mix is undergoing a significant transition due to the political decision to phase-out nuclear
energy by 2022 and to achieve decarbonisation of the energy mix on the basis of renewable energies
and energy savings. Pursuant to Germany’s national targets as set out in its Energy Concept,
renewable energies are to account for 18% of gross final energy consumption by 2020.
Gross inland energy consumption in 2013
Source: European Commission, based on EUROSTAT
2
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Towards an Energy Union - Germany
IMPORT DEPENDENCY
Germany has an import dependency for all fossil fuels above the EU average. Russia is the main non-
EU gas supplier for Germany
1
. However, the overall supplier concentration index for Germany is
relatively low and below EU average. This indicator does not include imports of nuclear fuels, as
these are considered domestic energy according to international statistical conventions. The energy
trade deficit (expressed in % of GDP) is slightly above the EU average, to be put in context with the
otherwise high trade surplus in Germany.
Import dependency 2013
97%
96%
87%
87%
Top non-EU gas suppliers in 2013 (% in total imports)
Germany
European Union
country
[%]
country
[%]
Russia
40.9
Russia
39.0
Norway
20.7
Norway
29.5
Not specified
6.7
Algeria
9.7
Qatar
6.7
82%
80%
60%
63%
2005
52%
2013
53%
2005
2013
2005
57%
2013
All fuels
Petroleum and
products
DE
EU28
Natural gas
Source: European Commission, based on EUROSTAT (based on preliminary data provided by Germany to EUROSTAT)
2. A fully-integrated internal energy market
INTERCONNECTIONS
The interconnection level for electricity was of 10% in 2014 for
Germany.
2
Nevertheless, for a fully integrated internal energy
market, there is a need to further increase interconnections
with neighbouring countries. Moreover, internal connections to
transport electricity generated from renewable energy sources
in the North to the consumption centres in the South are
insufficient, causing loop flows through neighbouring countries
like Poland and the Czech Republic. In close cooperation with
the affected neighbouring countries interim solutions and
remedies have been developed. It also impacts the German
economy due to the costly adjustments of bottlenecks (re-
dispatch). To solve these issues, the Federal Government's
coalition parties reached an agreement with regard to further
Source: European Commission based on
ENTSO-E scenario outlook and adequacy
forecast 2014
Note: Reference to 2030 target is based on
October 2014 European Council conclusions
stating that "the Commission will also report
regularly to the European Council with the
1
2
Top non-EU suppliers table is based on EUROSTAT data. The share of imports from non-EU countries is calculated as
the ratio between volumes of imports from that specific non-EU supplier and total imports (from EU and non-EU
countries).
The table showing a 2030 15% target should be interpreted in line with the European Energy Security Strategy
(COM(2014)330), when it states that "the European Commission proposes to extend the 10% interconnection target to
15% by 2030 while taking into account the cost aspects and the potential of commercial exchanges in the relevant
regions". The table is without prejudice to how a 15% target would be measured and achieved.
3
65%
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objective of arriving at a 15% target by 2030".
measures to enhance the necessary grid expansion. More than
50 grid expansion projects are currently to be implemented.
Many of these projects are significantly delayed due to local
and regional resistance. Some progress has been made, e.g.
as
regards
the South-West interconnector between Saxony-
Anhalt, Thuringia and Bavaria. However, more needs to be
done, in particular as regards internal connections if the share
of renewable electricity increases as planned.
Regarding gas, Germany is very well interconnected and has a high degree of diversification of supply
routes and sources. Most of the EU efforts in the context of Projects of Common Interests (PCIs) are
made with the aim to enable gas reverse flows. In total, Germany has 32 PCIs including 21 PCI in
electricity, 9 in gas and 2 in oil. Investment in gas infrastructure should increase by a total of EUR 1.9
billion between 2014 and 2019 in order to meet the targets of 260 megawatts additional compressor
capacity and 423 km grid expansion until 2019, according to the Network Development Plan Gas
2014.
ELECTRICITY AND GAS MARKETS
Market concentration index for power generation
(left) and gas supply (right) (2013)
(Herfindahl index –
10000 means monopoly)
Sources:ESTAT and European Commission Calculations
Sources: European Commission based on ESTAT, CEER and Platts
Power Vision
Market concentration on electricity and gas generation markets is significantly below EU average.
Wholesale prices are also slightly below EU average. On the retail side the gas market can be
considered to be very competitive while the electricity market is reasonable competitive with the
four largest companies having a market share of 45.5%. Electricity retail prices for households are
among the highest in Europe due to high taxes and levies. The reform of the 2014 Renewable Energy
Sources Act (EEG) is expected to stabilize costs for the renewable surcharge. Although all required
legal provisions are in place, switching rates in 2013 were lower than on average in the EU while
according to a European survey consumer satisfaction is well above average
3
.
High volumes of renewables have changed the way the electricity market in Germany operates. All
new beneficiaries of the renewables support scheme (above certain thresholds) will have to sell their
electricity directly in the market and will be subject to balancing deviations between production and
prognosis. Nevertheless, further efforts are needed to ensure optimal market functioning with
further increasing shares of renewable energies. In a White Paper of July 2015, the Federal
Government advocates a further development of the electricity market, on which the necessary
capacities can be remunerated via existing market mechanisms, and argues against the introduction
of a market-wide capacity market. The White Paper proposes the introduction of a capacity reserve.
Germany's current legislative approach encourages smart metering roll-out for the following cases:
(i) consumers with annual electricity consumption over 6.000 kWh, (ii) major generation facilities
3
10th Consumer Markets Scoreboard (June 2014),
http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/consumer_evidence/consumer_scoreboards/10_edition/index_en.htm
4
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Towards an Energy Union - Germany
pursuant to the national Renewable Energy Sources Act and the Combined Heat and Power Act, and
(iii) final consumers in new and renovated buildings. No separate rollout in the gas sector is foreseen.
Further legal acts and technical specifications are expected to be adopted in 2015.
CONTRIBUTION OF ENERGY TO CONSUMER PRICE EVOLUTION
Similarly to the rest of the Euro area, consumer price inflation has decreased in Germany since 2011
(from 2.5% to 0.8%), although at a slower pace than the Euro area average (from 2.7% to 0.4%).
Energy products have contributed to the decline in inflation in 2014 due to falling oil prices.
Germany : Price evolution & the contribution
of energy prices
4
3
2
1
0
-1
4
EA : Price evolution & the contribution of
energy prices
% increase on a year earlier
% increase on a year earlier
3
2
1
0
-1
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
Non Energy
Energy
All items
Non Energy
Energy
All items
Source: DG ECFIN based on Eurostat
VULNERABLE CONSUMERS
Based on the EUROSTAT Survey on Income
and Living Conditions, three proxy indicators
have been used to assess fuel poverty. They
indicate that energy poverty is less of an issue
in Germany than on average in the EU.
Germany's social legislation covers the
concept of vulnerable consumers; however, a
specific definition of the concept of
vulnerable consumers in the energy field has
not been introduced in the energy legislation.
Source: European Commission, based on EUROSTAT Survey on Income
and Living Conditions (SILC)
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3. Energy Efficiency and moderation of energy demand
ENERGY EFFICIENCY TARGET 2020
(276.6 Mtoe primary energy and 194.3 Mtoe final energy)
In 2013, Germany notified a national target of improving its
final energy intensity by 2.1% per year on average until 2020.
In 2010, Germany had, in the frame of the
Energiewende-
Concept, set itself the target of reducing primary energy
consumption by 20% by 2020 (compared to 2008 levels). If
the trend in primary and final energy consumption observed
in the period 2005-2013 will continue up to 2020, Germany
would not meet its national target. Germany has adopted an
Energy and Climate Package in December 2014 (with focus on
measures for buildings, in industry and in transport) which
will help in closing the energy efficiency and CO
2
-reduction
gaps.
Source: European Commission, based on
EUROSTAT and on national energy efficiency
targets as declared by the MS under the Energy
Efficiency Directive
It is however not yet evident that the identified measures will
be sufficient to close the gaps; on the contrary, recent expert
analysis suggests that additional investment is needed and
the efforts in particular with regard to the retrofitting of
buildings would need to be considerably stepped up.
ENERGY INTENSITY
Primary energy intensity in Germany is slightly below EU average and has decreased in line with EU
average over the last 13 years. Energy intensity in industry had for some time decreased more slowly
than on average in the EU but remains below the EU average.
Primary energy intensity of the economy
Final energy intensity in industry
Source: European Commission based on EUROSTAT and European
Commission/AMECO
Source: European Commission based on EUROSTAT and European
Commission/AMECO
Energy consumption by households is slightly above EU average and in 2013 the energy consumption
per m
2
has even increased, in total as well as in relative terms compared to the EU average and the
years before. The specific energy intensity of passenger transport has improved, but remains above
EU average. The specific energy intensity for freight transport improved significantly and is now well
below EU average.
6
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Final energy consumption per m
2
in
residential sector, climate corrected
Specific energy intensity for passenger cars and freight
transport
4
Source: European Commission based on Odyssee
database
Source: PRIMES model background data and estimations based on EU
Commission and EU MS inputs
The graph below shows the fleet average CO2 emissions of new passenger cars and vans,
respectively, sold and registered in Germany compared to the European Union fleet average.
Source: European Environmental Agency. 2014 values are provisional. 2013 EU average refers to EU-27.
Note: The graph does not take into account differences in Member States' vehicle fleet compositions.
EU legislation sets mandatory CO2 emission reduction targets for new cars and vans registered in the
EU. By 2021, the fleet average to be achieved by all new cars is 95 grams of CO2 per kilometre. For
new vans, the fleet average is set at 147 g/km by 2020. These targets need to be achieved on fleet
average per manufacturer.
Regarding transport performance, in EU-28 the inland freight modal shares are 71% by road, 17% by
rail, 7% by inland waterways and 5% by pipelines. The respective inland passenger modal shares are
82% by private car, 9% by buses and coaches, 7% by railways and 2% by tram and metro.
Modal shares Germany
Source: Eurostat and EU transport in figures 2015. Data refers to 2013. Modal shares based on tonne-kilometres for freight sector and
passenger-kilometres for passenger sector, freight data based on activity within country territory. Estimates are made when data is missing.
4
Statistics on energy demand for passengers and freight transport are not available and model estimates have been
used instead. These issues should be borne in mind when comparing energy intensity in freight or passenger transport
between Member States, which should be regarded as merely indicative.
7
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4. Decarbonisation of the economy
NON-ETS GHG EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET 2020
(-14% by 2020 as compared to 2005 in the non-ETS sector)
Germany has decreased its non-ETS GHG
emissions by 10% between 2005 and 2014 (based
on 2014 approximated data).
According to its latest projections, Germany is on
track to reach its 2020 target, with about 1
percentage point margin as compared to 2005.
Non-ETS
Emissions
2005)
(vs.
Projections/proxy
target
Source: European Commission
preliminary inventory data.
based on EEA. Based on
Projections with
existing
measures 2020
Proxy 2014
-15%
-10%
-14%
-6%
ESD (Effort Sharing Decision) emissions are the emissions not
covered by the EU ETS
8
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RENEWABLE ENERGY SHARE TARGET 2020 (18%)
Germany is on track to reach its 18% target in 2020,
with a renewable energy share of 12.4% in 2013.
Germany has the long term objectives of a share of
renewables in gross final energy consumption of
30% by 2030 and 60% by 2050 (with a share of 80%
in gross electricity consumption). The reform of the
2014 Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) allows for
better control of expansion of renewables. It
promotes market integration of renewables
consistent with EU State aid rules. The pilot
auctioning scheme will allow gathering experience
with more market-based setting of support levels.
However, additional efforts might still be needed to
achieve long term goals in renewable heat capacity,
and to improve regulatory certainty for wind, PV
and bioenergy.
Source: European Commission based on EUROSTAT
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION INDICATORS
In Germany the share of emissions from the power sector is higher than the EU average,
partially due to the importance of coal in its energy mix. On 1 July 2015 the Federal
Government's coalition parties reached an agreement with regard to the closure of lignite
fired power stations, which will result in additional emission reductions.
Carbon intensity of the economy is only slightly higher than EU average.
GHG emissions per capita are among the highest in the EU, and about 27% higher than the
EU average, but have decreased from 15.7 t CO2 equivalents in 1990 to 11.6 t CO2
equivalents in 2013.
The proceeds from the auctioning of ETS allowances (EUR 750 million in 2014) are used or
planned to be used fully for energy and climate related purposes, through their redirection to
the Climate and Energy fund.
GHG
GHG Emissions
Germany
Largest Sectors of
Emissions in 2012(*)
Germany
40%
17%
20%
8%
14%
1%
EU Average
auctioning
EU ETS
revenues in 2014 (EUR
33%
millions)
Share of ETS emissions
19%
in 2013
750
EU
Average
3205
Energy/power industry
Transport
Industry
Agriculture (incl. forestry &
fishery)
Residential & Commercial
Waste & others
20%
51%
42%
12%
GHG emissions/capita
in
13%
2013
(tCO
3%
2
equivalent)
Carbon intensity of the
economy
in
2013
(tCO
2
equivalent/EUR
millions)
11.6
8.5
Source: European Commission based on EEA
(*) Sectoral breakdown for 2013 data not available.
355
328
Source: European Commission based on EEA
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ENERGY & TRANSPORT TAXATION
Energy and transport related taxes as a share of GDP in Germany amounted to 2.1% in 2012, which is
lower than the EU-average (2.3%). Germany was at the EU average in 2005 (2.5% of GDP). This
evolution came from a stronger decrease in taxation of transport fuel in relation to GDP than the EU
average from 2005 to 2012.
Energy & Transport related taxes
% of GDP, 2005
3.0
3.0
Energy & Transport related taxes
% of GDP, 2012
2.0
Transport
vehicles
2.0
Transport
vehicles
Transport fuel
1.0
Heat &
Electricity
0.0
DE
Source: Eurostat
Transport fuel
1.0
Heat &
Electricity
0.0
DE
EU-28
EU-28
5. Research, innovation and competitiveness
RESEARCH AND INNOVATION
Germany performs above EU average in terms of research and innovation. This is particularly striking
in terms of innovation, where it stands at much higher levels than any of the major competitors.
Areas of highest priority are research and development in renewable technologies (photovoltaic,
wind energy), energy efficiency measures in the building sector and in industry, crafts, trade and
services and measures in energy storage and smart grids respectively. Germany is open to increase
cooperation in Research and Development with other EU Member States in different energy
technology areas. Germany is also open to support Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) development
in cooperation with other EU Member States.
Source: European Commission based on EUROSTAT
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COMPETITIVENESS
Energy prices have remained quite stable,
Real unit energy costs (% of value added)
although on an increasing trend in Germany over
16
the past ten years. The energy intensity
5
of
13.7
13.2
14
Germany's manufacturing sector is significantly
12
10.2
lower than in the EU, and the US. Therefore, the
9.5
9.3
8.8
8.5
real unit energy costs, that is the amount of
10
8.2
8.0
8
money spent on energy sources needed to
6
obtain one unit of value added, have remained
4
much lower in Germany than in the EU27.
2
However, it is higher than in the US due to higher
0
real energy prices in Germany.
DE
EU27
US
When looking in particular at Eurostat data for
2000
2009
2011
industrial consumers of gas and electricity, it can
be noted that prices in Germany are above EU
Source: European Commission
average and above OECD average for electricity
as well.
Source: European Commission based on EUROSTAT and IEA
6. Post-2020 Energy and Climate policy Strategy
COMPREHENSIVE MEDIUM TO LONG-TERM STRATEGY (post-2020)
FOR CLIMATE AND ENERGY
Germany has adopted in 2010 the Energy Concept (Government Decision), a comprehensive
strategy covering both medium (2030) and long (2050) term strategies. The Energy Concept
contains specific targets and pathways until 2050 for greenhouse gas reductions, renewable
energy and energy efficiency/savings. Germany intends to reduce GHG emissions by 40% by 2020
and by 80-95% by 2050 on 1990 levels.
In 2014, Germany adopted the “Climate
Action Programme 2020”.
The Programme contains
around 100 measures in all relevant sectors and includes a mandate to develop a “Climate
Protection Plan 2050”
by 2016, which will address all sectors and greenhouse gas emissions. It
will describe the next specific reduction steps in view of the European targets and the outcome
The energy intensity presented here is derived from Use Tables of WIOD, see "Energy Economic Developments in
Europe SWD(2014)19".
5
11
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of the Paris Climate Change Conference in 2015 and will support them with measures developed
in a broad-based dialogue process.
A number of legislative measures were adopted in the past years to implement the
Energiewende
including amendments to the
Renewable Energy Act
(EEG), the promotion of energy efficiency in
buildings, accelerated electricity grid expansion, support for heat-power cogeneration, and the
gradual phase-out of nuclear power until the year 2022.
Germany has put in place a systematic, annual process of monitoring the development of its
energy system. The monitoring also includes evaluation of the draft government report by an
independent panel of energy policy experts. It also addresses all three dimensions of energy
policy, including prices/ costs/ competitiveness.
The government also announced to publish an "Energy
Efficiency Strategy for Buildings"
which
will – together with the "Strategy for climate-friendly building and living" – give further details on
how to achieve the long-term goal of having an almost carbon-neutral building stock by 2050.
In 2013 the Federal German Government launched the “Mobility
and Fuels Strategy”,
which is
the key platform of discussion for sustainable mobility. The strategy is an important instrument
for the implementation of the “Energiewende” in the transport sector as it identifies the fuel
options, the corresponding drivetrain technologies as well as the necessary infrastructure which
are most likely to contribute to an increase in efficiency and a reduction of CO2 emissions. As a
next step, Germany will release an update of the strategy to present options of how to organize
the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure.
NATIONAL TARGETS, especially for 2030
Objective, 2030-2050
GHG reduction
Renewable energy share
Energy Efficiency / savings
Targets
Yes
Yes
Yes
Comments
-55% by 2030, -80 to -95 % by 2050 (vs 1990 levels)
30% by 2030, 60% by 2050; sub-targets
No specific headline target for energy efficiency in
2030; 2050 target on the reduction of primary energy
consumption by 50% vs. 2008 levels
7. Regional cooperation
Regional cooperation on infrastructure development is necessary to optimise the identification of
regional infrastructure priorities and to coordinate cross-border investments. As a centrally located
country in Europe, Germany is a member of all electricity, gas and oil Regional Groups which have
been established under the trans-European energy networks (TEN-E) Regulation.
Germany will be also part of the regional initiative on the promotion of the North Sea Offshore Grid,
which aims at delivering cost-reduction to the offshore energy system. It is also part of the Baltic
Energy Market Interconnection Plan (BEMIP), which aims at further reinforcing the regional energy
cooperation in the Baltic Sea region both in gas and electricity.
Germany is a member of the Pentalateral Energy Forum. It was created in 2005 by Energy Ministers
from Benelux, Germany and France in order to promote collaboration on cross-border exchange of
electricity. It is an inter-governmental initiative, assisted by an independent secretariat, whose
mission consists of improving control of the cross-border network and harmonising allocation
methods using information exchange between regulators and network managers in participating
countries. In July 2014, Germany set up a regular round-table discussion with neighbouring Member
States and the Commission on regional cooperation for promoting security of electricity supply and
renewable energy. As an outcome of these discussions, a declaration on no-regrets to fully exploit
12
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the benefits of the internal market for security of electricity supply was signed by the participants on
8 June 2015.
8. Cohesion policy contribution
The EU Cohesion policy provides for investment possibilities to implement energy policy objectives in
Germany which will be complemented by national public and private co-financing, aiming at optimal
leverage. It also ensures integrated territorial solutions to challenges by supporting capacity building,
technical assistance and territorial cooperation, including the Baltic Sea Region, Danube Region and
Alpine Region macro-regional strategies in which some of the German
Länder
take part.
Internal Energy Market:
Over 2014-2020, EU Cohesion Policy will invest some EUR 60 million in
research and development / innovative pilot projects on smart electricity distribution grids in
Germany. These investments are expected to contribute to around 1 000 additional users connected
to smart grids.
Energy efficiency:
Over 2014-2020, EU Cohesion Policy will invest some EUR 1 505 million in energy
efficiency improvements in public buildings and in enterprises, as well as in high-efficiency
cogeneration and district heating in Germany. A further estimated EUR 555 million will be invested in
supporting the move towards an energy-efficient, decarbonised transport sector. These investments
are expected to contribute to a decrease of around 232 634 000 kWh per year of decreased primary
energy consumption of public buildings.
Decarbonisation:
Overall, the EU Cohesion Policy investments in Germany over 2014-2020 are
expected to contribute to an estimated annual decrease of GHG of around 412 000 tonnes of CO2eq.
Over 2014-2020, EU Cohesion Policy will invest some EUR 102 million in renewable energy in
Germany. These investments are expected to contribute to around 100 MW of additional capacity of
renewable energy production.
Research, Innovation and Competitiveness:
Over 2014-2020, EU Cohesion Policy will invest
significantly in R&I and in competitiveness of small and medium sized enterprises in Germany. This
will be based on the regional strategies for smart specialisation. For Germany, many strategies
include a focus on low-carbon technologies. At this stage, at least EUR 247 million is foreseen for
investments in R&I and adoption of low-carbon technologies in Germany, but this might increase
further in line with the evolving content of the smart specialisation strategy.
13