Europaudvalget 2015
KOM (2015) 0572
Offentligt
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EUROPEAN
COMMISSION
Brussels, 18.11.2015
SWD(2015) 238 final
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT
Country Factsheet Slovenia
Accompanying the document
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
COMMITTEE, THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS AND THE EUROPEAN
INVESTMENT BANK
State of the Energy Union
{COM(2015) 572}
{SWD(2015) 208 à 209}
{SWD(2015) 217 à 237}
{SWD(2015) 239 à 243}
EN
EN
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Towards an Energy Union
Slovenia
Macroeconomic relevance of energy
IMPORTANCE OF THE ENERGY SECTOR
The macroeconomic significance of the energy sector in Slovenia is considerably higher than in the
EU27 both in terms of share of the sector in total gross value added and in total employment. The
two shares also increased visibly between 2005 and 2012 further distancing the EU average.
3.0
Value added of energy sector
% of
gross
value added (total economy)
1.2
Employment in energy sector
% of total employment
2.0
0.8
SI
EU27
1.0
0.4
SI
EU27
0.0
0.0
2005
2012
2005
2012
Source: EUROSTAT – National Accounts
According to EurObserv'ER, in 2013, the share
of direct and indirect renewable energy
related employment in total employment of
the economy in Slovenia was at about 0.42%,
below the EU average of 0.53%.
Source: European Commission, based on EurObserv'ER and
EUROSTAT
TRADE BALANCE OF ENERGY PRODUCTS
Slovenia's energy trade deficit has been consistently higher than that of the EU28 both in 2006 and in
2014 but it has slightly improved over the period. The largest component is the oil trade deficit while
the electricity trade balance actually moved to a surplus in 2013 and 2014. Despite the energy trade
deficit, the country's current account moved from a small deficit in 2006 to a large surplus of more
than 6% in 2014 however mostly due to a contraction of domestic demand and therefore imports.
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Towards an Energy Union - Slovenia
Trade balance of energy product and current account
balance, 2006
8
6
Trade balance of energy product and current account
balance, 2014
8
6
4
% of GDP
% of GDP
4
2
0
-2
2
0
-2
-4
-6
SI
EU28
-4
-6
SI
EU28
Coal
Oil
Electricity
Gas
C. A. Balance
Coal
Oil
Electricity
Gas
C. A. Balance
Source: EUROSTAT
Note: Current account balance for EU28 from European Commission (AMECO)
1. Energy Security, solidarity and trust
ENERGY MIX
The energy mix of Slovenia is broadly in line with the one of the EU-28, with the notable difference of a
higher share of nuclear and lower of gases. Compared to 1995, the share of solid fuels and petroleum
and products decreased (from 23% to 19% and from 38 to 34% of gross inland energy consumption
respectively), while the share of renewable energy increased more than twofold, by 9 percentage
points. The share of gases decreased slightly, from 11 to 10% of the energy mix.
Gross inland energy consumption in 2013
Source: European Commission, based on EUROSTAT
IMPORT DEPENDENCY
The import dependency
1
in Slovenia is in line with the one of the EU as a whole. Import dependency is
really high for petroleum products and gas. In addition, Slovenia imports most of its gas from Russia
2
.
However, Slovenia has access to several import sources and imports from Russia are based on price-
considerations. The energy trade deficit (mostly on oil), expressed in percentage of GDP, is high and well
above EU average.
1
2
Note: A dependency rate in excess of 100% indicates that energy products have been stocked.
Top non-EU gas suppliers table is based on EUROSTAT data. The share of imports from non-EU countries is calculated
as the ratio between volumes of imports from that specific non-EU supplier and total imports (from EU and non-EU
countries).
2
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Towards an Energy Union - Slovenia
Import dependency 2013
101%
100%
96%
87%
100%
Top non-EU gas suppliers in 2013 (% in total imports)
Slovenia
European Union
country
[%]
country
[%]
Russia
57.9
Russia
39.0
Norway
29.5
Algeria
9.7
Qatar
6.7
82%
52%
52%
2005
47%
2013
53%
2005
2013
2005
57%
2013
All fuels
Petroleum and
products
SI
EU28
Natural gas
Source: European Commission, based on EUROSTAT
2. A fully-integrated internal energy market
INTERCONNECTIONS
According to Commission figures, the percentage of the
interconnection capacity was 65% in 2014 for Slovenia.
Slovenia has several electricity Projects of Common Interest, including
two electricity clusters with a high voltage transmission line between
Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary and a high voltage transmission line
between Slovenia and Italy. Further strengthening of the national
power grid is needed to ensure the reliable and safe operation of the
national electricity system and cross-border flows (trade).
There are several gas Projects of Common Interest, which are relevant
for Slovenia, including interconnections between Hungary and Slovenia
as well as with Croatia and Austria. These projects will enhance market
integration and contribute to the security of supply in the region.
Source: European Commission based on
ENTSO-E scenario outlook and adequacy
forecast 2014
Note: Reference to 2030 target is
based on October 2014 European
Council conclusions stating that "the
Commission will also report regularly
to the European Council with the
objective of arriving at a 15% target
by 2030"
ELECTRICITY AND GAS MARKETS
Market concentration index for power generation
(left) and gas supply (right) (2013)
(Herfindahl index –
10000 means monopoly)
Sources: European Commission based on ESTAT, CEER and
Platts Power Vision
Concentration on power generation markets is high,
and above EU average. The modest market size does
not facilitate the development of many generators.
Regarding gas, the principal importer is supplying
about 66% (down from 90%) of the wholesale market
and about 58% of the retail market.
Wholesale electricity prices are slightly below EU
average, while wholesale gas prices are above.
Nevertheless, the absence of price regulation allowed
a new player to enter the market with a pricing
3
65%
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Sources:ESTAT and European Commission Calculations
strategy very different from that of the existing
players and obliging the incumbent suppliers to
modify their price strategies.
Consumers' overall assessment of retail gas and
electricity markets, which is fully liberalised, scores
the highest and second highest in the EU
3
. The
switching rate for electricity was at 3.9%. and 5.1% for
gas. The vast majority of switches were undertaken
by household customers who changed their supplier
following the entrance of competition into the
household market segment.
Slovenia has rolled-out 29% of smart meters in
electricity.
CONTRIBUTION OF ENERGY TO CONSUMER PRICE EVOLUTION
The inflation rate of Slovenia was similar to that of the Euro area prior to the crisis and the energy
component had a large impact especially in 2005 and 2006. After 2007 the inflation rate increased
above the Euro area average and then fell significantly between 2008 and 2009 and remained around
the Euro area average ever since. The contribution of the energy component has remained a
significant determinant of the changes in consumer prices in Slovenia, after the crisis, while the
contribution of the non-energy component has been less important than for the Euro area average.
Slovenia : Price evolution & the contribution
of energy prices
6
6
EA : Price evolution & the contribution of
energy prices
% increase on a year earlier
% increase on a year earlier
4
4
2
2
0
0
-2
-2
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
Non Energy
Energy
All items
Non Energy
Energy
All items
Source: DG ECFIN based on Eurostat
VULNERABLE CONSUMERS
According to three proxy indicators from the
EUROSTAT SILC survey, fuel poverty seems
to be above the EU average in Slovenia and
particularly regarding arrears on utility bills.
In 2013, due to unpaid electricity bills in
Slovenia the supply was stopped to 6877
household consumers, 0.03 percentage
point more than in 2012. Nevertheless,
vulnerable consumers in Slovenia are
protected by the Energy Law which forbids
the disconnection of low-income households
Source: European Commission, based on on EUROSTAT SILC survey
3
10th Consumer Markets Scoreboard (June 2014),
http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/consumer_evidence/consumer_scoreboards/10_edition/index_en.htm
4
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with arrears on energy bills. Consequently,
the annual national regulatory authority's
report states that only few consumers were
recognised as vulnerable in 2013.
3. Energy Efficiency and moderation of energy demand
ENERGY EFFICIENCY TARGET 2020
(7.3 Mtoe primary energy and 5.1 Mtoe final energy)
Slovenia’s 2020 energy efficiency target is 7.3
Mtoe
expressed
in
primary
energy
consumption (5.09 Mtoe expressed in final
energy consumption). When comparing the
trend of primary energy consumption with the
GDP development over the past decades, it can
be seen that no decoupling of both has taken
place. Even if Slovenia’s current primary energy
consumption (6.7 Mtoe in 2013) is slightly
below its 2020 target, additional efforts
regarding energy efficiency seem needed to
keep the primary energy consumption at this
level or to minimise its increase when the GDP
increases again during the next five year
period.
Source: European Commission, based on EUROSTAT and on national
energy efficiency targets as declared by the MS under the Energy
Efficiency Directive
ENERGY INTENSITY
Primary energy intensity in Slovenia has decreased since 2005, but remains above EU average. A high
energy intensity reduction is recorded in the industrial sector, i.e. about 27% since 2005 and 2013, but it
also remains above EU average.
Primary energy intensity of the economy
Final energy intensity in industry
Source: European Commission based on EUROSTAT and European
Commission /AMECO
Source: European Commission based on EUROSTAT and European
Commission /AMECO
Specific energy consumption by households is above EU average and decreased at a similar pace than
the EU average. The specific energy intensity of passengers cars decreased slightly between 2005 and
2010 which reflects a more efficient usage of cars. The specific energy intensity for freight transport
increased between 2005-2010 more than the EU average.
5
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Specific energy intensity for passenger cars and freight transport
4
Final energy consumption per
residential sector, climate corrected
m2
in
Source: European Commission based on Odyssee
database
Source: PRIMES model background data and estimations based on EU
Commission and EU MS inputs
EU legislation sets mandatory CO
2
emission reduction targets for new cars and vans. By 2021, the fleet
average to be achieved by all new cars is 95 grams of CO
2
per kilometre. For new vans, the fleet average
is set at 147 g/km by 2020.
Source: European Environmental Agency. 2014 values are provisional. 2013 EU average refers to EU-27.
Regarding transport performance, in EU-28 the inland freight modal shares are 71% by road, 17% by rail,
7% by inland waterways and 5% by pipelines. The respective inland passenger modal shares are 82% by
private car, 9% by buses and coaches, 7% by railways and 2% by tram and metro.
Modal shares Slovenia
Source: Eurostat and EU transport in figures 2015. Data refers to 2013. Modal shares based on tonne-kilometres for freight sector and
passenger-kilometres for passenger sector, freight data based on activity within country territory. Estimates are made when data is missing.
4
Statistics on energy demand for passengers and freight transport are not available and model estimates have been
used instead. These issues should be borne in mind when comparing energy intensity in freight or passenger transport
between Member States, which should be regarded as merely indicative.
6
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4. Decarbonisation of the economy
NON-ETS GHG EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET 2020
(+4% by 2020 as compared to 2005 in the non-ETS sector)
In 2014, the emissions decreased with
respect to 2005, so that the interim target
for 2014 will be overshot by a margin of
13.8%.
According to the latest projections, Slovenia
is on track to reach its greenhouse gas
emission reduction target for 2020 as
compared to 2005.
Non-ETS
Emissions
(vs. 2005)
Projections with
existing measures
2020
Proxy 2014
Projections/proxy
-8%
-12%
target
+4%
+3%
Source:
European Commission
based on EEA. Based on preliminary inventory
data.
ESD (Effort Sharing Decision) emissions are the emissions from sectors not
covered by the EU ETS.
RENEWABLE ENERGY SHARE TARGET 2020 (25%)
With a renewable energy share of 21.5% in
2013, Slovenia is on track to reach its 25%
target in 2020.
Source: European Commission based on EUROSTAT
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION INDICATORS
The share of emissions from transport is well above the EU average also due to the transit traffic
across the country. In Slovenia transport is the most energy-intensive sector, with its share in
energy consumption increasing since 2005.
Slovenia's carbon intensity of the economy has been decreasing and is around 50% higher than
the EU average.
In 2014 the revenues from the auctioning of ETS allowances amounted to EUR 16.6 million, out
of which 55% are planned to be used for climate and energy related purposes (energy efficiency
and sustainable transport, mainly).
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GHG Emissions
Largest Sectors of GHG
Emissions in 2012(*)
Energy/power industry
Transport
Industry
Agriculture (incl. forestry &
fishery)
Residential & Commercial
Waste & others
Slovenia
33%
31%
14%
11%
8%
3%
EU
Average
33%
20%
19%
12%
13%
3%
(*)
Sectoral
breakdow
n for 2013
data not
available
Slovenia
16.6
41%
8.8
EU
3205
42%
8.5
EU ETS auctioning revenues
in 2014(EUR millions)
Share of ETS emissions in
2013
GHG emissions/capita in
2013 (tCO
2
equivalent)
Carbon intensity of
economy in 2013
(tCO
2
equivalent/EUR
millions)
517
328
Source: European Commission based on EEA
.
ENERGY & TRANSPORT TAXATION
In 2005 energy and transport taxes as a share of GDP in Slovenia were more or less in line with the
EU average, despite some differences in their composition. By 2012 the gap with the EU had
widened. Slovenia displays a considerable increase by nearly 40% in the transport fuel taxes,
expressed as a share of GDP, which is mainly due to increased consumption of fossil fuels in the
transport sector. This has brought the overall energy end transport taxation at considerably higher
level than the EU28 average.
Energy & Transport related taxes
% of GDP, 2005
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
SI
Source: Eurostat
4.0
3.0
2.0
Energy & Transport related taxes
% of GDP, 2012
Transport
vehicles
Transport fuel
Heat &
Electricity
EU-28
Transport
vehicles
Transport fuel
Heat &
Electricity
SI
EU-28
1.0
0.0
5. Research, innovation and competitiveness
RESEARCH AND INNOVATION
Slovenia is near the EU average, above the US and below Japan and South Korea in terms of public
support share allocated to research and innovation in the field of sustainable energy, low-carbon and
environment. In terms of intensity of low-carbon technologies patents, Slovenia is much behind the
EU average and main worldwide partners.
8
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Source: European Commission based on EUROSTAT
COMPETITIVENESS
The real unit energy costs
5
in Slovenia are in line
Real unit energy costs (% of value added)
with the EU average but higher than in the US.
16
Real energy prices have increased in Slovenia
13.7
13.7 13.7
13.2
14
6
over the past ten years while energy intensity
12
10.9
has slightly improved.
9.5
10
8.8
8.2
Retail electricity prices for industrial customers in
8.0
8
Slovenia are below the EU average and at the
6
level of other trading partners. Retail gas prices
4
for industrial consumers are above EU28 average
2
and higher than in the US and in other non-EU
0
OECD trading partners except Japan.
SI
EU27
US
2000
2009
2011
Source: European Commission
Source: EUROPEAN COMMISSION based on EUROSTAT and IEA
6. Post-2020 Energy and Climate policy Strategy
COMPREHENSIVE MEDIUM TO LONG-TERM STRATEGY (post-2020)
FOR CLIMATE AND ENERGY
Slovenia has not yet established a comprehensive medium to long-term strategy for climate
and energy covering the post-2020 period.
5
6
This indicator measures the amount of money spent on energy sources needed to obtain one unit of value added.
The energy intensity presented here is derived from Use Tables of WIOD, see "Energy Economic Developments in
Europe SWD(2014)19".
9
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An Operational Programme for Reducing GHG Emissions by 2020 with an outlook to 2030 has
been adopted by the Government in December 2014. The Operational Programme includes
indicative goals for 2030.
The 2014 Energy Act provides a legal basis for the adoption of national strategic documents
that will determine the long-term trend in energy supply and use. Following the adoption of
the act, the process of adopting the Energy Concept (to be adopted in 2016) has been
launched in June 2015 by publishing a public consultation document. A National Energy
Development Plan will also be developed, which will guide major investments in energy
infrastructure in the future.
NATIONAL TARGETS, especially for 2030
Objective, 2030-2050
GHG reduction
Targets
Comments
No
(but Indicative 2030 sectorial targets to reduce GHG
indicative
emissions compared to 2005 emission levels in the
goals
for non-ETS sectors
2030)
No
/ No
Renewable energy
Energy Efficiency
savings
7. Regional cooperation
Slovenia is a member of the High Level Group on Central and South Eastern Europe Gas Connectivity
(CESEC) together with Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Slovak
Republic. The objective of the High Level Group is to establish a regional priority infrastructure
roadmap and advance its implementation in order to develop missing infrastructure and improve
security of gas supplies. Slovenia also participates at the Central & Eastern European Electricity
(CEEE) Forum, supporting electricity markets integration (with Austria, Czech Republic, Germany,
Hungary, Poland and Slovakia).
Furthermore, Slovenia participates in 2 other regional cooperation groups:
North-South Interconnections in Central and South Eastern Europe (North-South East);
Southern Gas Corridor.
8. Cohesion policy contribution
The EU Cohesion policy provides for important investment possibilities to implement energy policy
objectives in Slovenia which will be complemented by national public and private co-financing,
aiming at optimal leverage. It also ensures integrated territorial solutions to challenges by supporting
capacity building, technical assistance and cross-border cooperation such as the Danube Region,
Adriatic and Ionian Region, and Alpine Region macro-regional strategies in which Slovenia takes part.
Internal energy market:
Over 2014-2020, EU Cohesion Policy will invest some EUR 20 million in smart
electricity distribution grids in Slovenia. These investments are expected to contribute to around
300 000 additional users connected to smart grids.
Energy efficiency:
Over 2014-2020, EU Cohesion Policy will invest some EUR 282 million in energy
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efficiency improvements in public and residential buildings and in SMEs, as well as in high-efficiency
cogeneration and district heating in Slovenia. A further estimated EUR 188 million will be invested in
supporting the move towards an energy-efficient, decarbonised transport sector. These investments
are expected to contribute to around 2 500 households with improved energy consumption
classification and a decrease of around 23 000 000 kWh per year of decreased primary energy
consumption of public buildings, as well as to around 25 km of reconstructed or upgraded railway
lines.
Decarbonisation:
Overall, the EU Cohesion Policy investments in Slovenia over 2014-2020 are
expected to contribute to an estimated annual decrease of GHG of around 63 000 tonnes of CO2eq.
Over 2014-2020, EU Cohesion Policy will invest some EUR 12 million in renewable energy in Slovenia.
These investments are expected to contribute to around 80 MW of additional capacity of renewable
energy production.
Research, Innovation and Competitiveness:
Over 2014-2020, EU Cohesion Policy will invest
significantly in R&I and in SME competitiveness in Slovenia. This will be based on the national
strategy for smart specialisation. At this stage, at least EUR 70 million is foreseen for investments in
R&I and adoption of low-carbon technologies in Slovenia, but this might increase further in line with
the evolving content of the smart specialisation strategy.
11