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Europaudvalget 2018
KOM (2018) 0036
Offentligt

EUROPEAN

COMMISSION

HIGH REPRESENTATIVE

OF THE UNION FOR

FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND

SECURITY POLICY

Brussels, 19.1.2018

SWD(2018) 29 final

JOINT STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT

The EU Special Incentive Arrangement for Sustainable Development and Good

Governance ('GSP+') assessment of Pakistan covering the period 2016 - 2017

Accompanying the document

Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council

Report on the Generalised Scheme of Preferences during the period 2016 - 2017

{COM(2018) 36 final} - {SWD(2018) 23 final} - {SWD(2018) 24 final} -

{SWD(2018) 25 final} - {SWD(2018) 26 final} - {SWD(2018) 27 final} -

{SWD(2018) 28 final} - {SWD(2018) 30 final} - {SWD(2018) 31 final} -

{SWD(2018) 32 final}

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Pakistan GSP+ Assessment

1. Country Overview

Pakistan has a population of more than 207 million (2017 census), is socially diverse and

constitutionally complex. The application of the Constitution, the federal legislation as well as

the jurisdiction of Supreme Court varies between different geographical units that form the

federation. The ability of provincial governments and authorities to respect, protect and

promote human rights is affected by this complexity. For example, the Supreme Court has no

jurisdiction over the regions of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan and the federally

administered tribal areas (FATA), all

sui generis

entities which are not considered as

provinces by the Constitution.

Pakistan continues to face political, economic and security challenges and has limited public

financial resources. The country has furthermore faced a substantial energy crisis during the

reporting period. Economic growth is slowly picking up and is expected to reach around 5%

in 2017 and 5-6% in 2018. Pakistan is particularly vulnerable to natural disasters and has been

a victim of several earthquakes and severe floods in the recent past.

Substantial power was devolved in 2010 to the provinces, which play a key role in protecting

and promoting many of the rights enshrined in the international conventions under GSP+.

Devolution to the provinces offers the possibility to better address needs and challenges at the

grassroot level. At the same time it poses challenges of resources and capacities, as well as

ensuring that all of Pakistan's citizens can equally enjoy the rights they are entitled to.

Pakistan conducted its 6

national census in 2017, revealing an estimated 58% growth in

population since the last census in 1996. It should allow the Government to better target

socio-economic policies for the different population groups. It will also have an impact on the

share of each province in the federal budget and the allocation of seats in the national and

provincial assemblies.

In 2013, Pakistan saw the first-ever transfer of power from one democratically elected

Government to the next, but it remains a fragile democracy. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif had

to step down as the result of a Supreme Court ruling related to corruption charges revealed in

the 'Panama Papers'. Shahid Khaqan Abbasi took office as Prime Minister in August 2017.

On the security front, the situation has improved at the surface with the heavy engagement of

the army in several regions (FATA and Karachi), but remains a problematic as the root causes

of terrorism have not been tackled. The ongoing national action plan against terrorism led to a

two-year extension of the jurisdiction over civilians of the military courts in terrorism cases,

while the situation with regard to the lifting of the moratorium on the death penalty is

unchanged since 2015.

The substantial engagement of Pakistan in fighting terrorism has led to a considerable loss of

lives and of budgetary resources that otherwise could have been used for socio-economic

development. The fight against terrorism has also overshadowed other critical issues, among

which the protection and promotion of human rights. Legislation to protect citizens from

violence and ensure the security of state institutions must not compromise the respect for

human rights, including freedom of expression and freedom of religion or belief.

Pakistan continues to host a large number of Afghan refugees who are increasingly

encouraged to return to their country of origin by a series of push factors strengthened by the

Government in 2016. Pakistan also represents a major country of origin and transit of

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migrants to the EU. The EU and Pakistan have concluded a Readmission Agreement, in force

since 2010.

A GSP+ monitoring mission to Pakistan, which also visited Karachi, took place from 30

October to 4 November 2016.

2. Compliance with GSP+ Obligations

2.1. UN Human Rights Conventions (conventions 1-7)

Status of ratification and reporting

Pakistan maintains ratification of all conventions. The latest national report on the Convention

on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) has been

overdue since 1 March 2017 During the last two years, Pakistan has participated in the UN

Treaty Body monitoring of CRC, CAT, CESCR and the CPPR. On 16 October 2017, the UN

General Assembly elected Pakistan to serve on the Human Rights Council as of 1 January

2018.

Pakistan underwent its 3

Universal Periodic Review on 13 November 2017, where 117

delegations took the floor raising concerns related to,

inter alia,

the death penalty, freedom of

religion or belief, freedom of opinion and expression and issues of discrimination and

violence against women and minorities. Pakistan received 289 recommendations to which it

should respond by March 2018.

Status of implementation of the conventions

While constitutional and legal guarantees for the rights of Pakistani citizens are relatively

comprehensive, and although the last two years have seen the adoption of a number of new

laws, strategies and action plans, implementation remains an issue of concern. Often, for

reasons of lack of political priority, weak capacity, resulting in legal safeguards not always

being translated into tangible improvement on the ground.

At the same time, the obstacles faced by the Government and other actors in addressing

shortcomings in human rights must be recognised. The overarching objective of the

Government to improve the security situation often diverts attention from other policy areas

and puts a considerable strain on budgetary resources crowding out the much needed spending

on socio-economic development and notably on health and education. Meanwhile, many

responsibilities for implementation of the conventions have been devolved to the provinces,

where capacity and resources are often insufficient.

On the institutional side, the Government has made efforts to promote human rights. The

National Action Plan on Human Rights, the first of its kind in Pakistan, was approved by the

Prime Minister in the first half of 2016. The plan, while somewhat general, includes many

important priorities and actions. However, due to lack of progress reporting to the public, it is

unclear how many of these priorities and actions have been implemented so far. According to

the Government, a National Task Force is working with the provinces to develop strategies

and monitor the implementation of the action plan. The provinces are also developing their

own human rights strategies to reflect their provincial priorities.

Following the granting of GSP+, the Government also established a system of Treaty

Implementation Cells (TICs) at federal and provincial levels, tasked with coordinating the

implementation of treaty obligations between different line ministries and departments and

between the federal and provincial levels. While these TICs are still developing their

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responsibilities and capacities, they provide a useful forum for discussion and coordination,

which did not exist before and which has been highly relevant, not least in the context of the

devolution of responsibilities to the provinces.

The National Commission on Human Rights (NCHR), which was constituted in 2015, has in

the past two years gradually played a more active role and issued a number of important

reports and observations, including on controversial topics. The Commission has also begun

to deal with individual complaints. However, the NCHR's functional and budgetary

autonomy, as required by the Paris Principles, has not yet fully materialized. The NCHR was

not able to appear before some UN Treaty Body committees. The federal and provincial

Commissions on the Status of Women have also played an important role in promoting

human rights in Pakistan. The National Commission for Child Welfare and Development has

been established. The Government also points to the human rights cells of the Supreme Court

and the High Courts as avenues of redress for human rights violations.

Parliament, through the standing committees on human rights of the Senate and the National

Assembly, has started to play a more active part in holding the Government accountable on

human rights. The women's caucuses, established at federal and provincial parliaments, are

becoming more active.

Monitoring of human rights in Pakistan remains a challenge due to lack of reliable, nation-

wide data related to human rights. Some NGOs collect figures, but this information is

somewhat sporadic and mainly based on media monitoring. The Government has indicated

that it intends to improve data collection by establishing a Human Rights Management

Information System, which will be anchored in a National Human Rights Institute that is

planned to be established by the end of 2017. This institute would have training, research, and

the collection and dissemination of statistics and information as its main functions, with a

particular focus on the provincial level.

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial

Discrimination (CERD)

The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination considered the initial report of

Pakistan on 25-26 May 2016. In its Concluding Observations the Committee welcomed a

number of positive aspects, but also expressed serious concerns on a number of matters. Some

of the most pertinent observations are outlined below.

The Committee welcomed the National Action Plan for Human Rights and the

operationalisation of the National Commission on Human Rights as well as a number of

recent laws on relevant topics, including Hindu marriage, domestic violence, acid crimes, and

prevention of anti-women practices. The Committee also expressed appreciation of the system

of quotas for minorities and women in federal and provincial assemblies as well as for

minorities, women and persons with disabilities in public service. It also welcomed

ratification by Pakistan in recent years of a number of international instruments, including the

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Optional Protocol to the CRC,

CCPR, CAT and the Convention against Transnational Organised Crime.

However, the Committee expressed concern that the Pakistani Constitution and laws do not

provide a definition of racial discrimination in conformity with the Convention, nor is there

any specific legislation which prohibits acts of racial discrimination against individuals,

declares illegal and prohibits racist organisations, and criminalises all acts of violence or

incitement to such acts against persons or groups of persons on the grounds of race, colour,

descent, ethnic or national origin. It also noted a persistent narrow interpretation of minorities,

limited to religious minorities, and the absence of a legislative framework to recognise and

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protect all minority groups, particularly ethnic minorities and groups that are minorities on

multiple grounds. In this context, the absence of recognition of the de-facto existence of

scheduled caste and discrimination against them was mentioned.

The Committee also expressed concern that minorities often face violence and hate crimes,

such as harassment, mob violence and killings of persons belonging to ethnic and religious

minorities, particularly Hazaras, Christian Dalits, Hindu Dalits and Ahmadis. The Committee

also noted the particular problems faced by minorities in relation to access to justice,

blasphemy laws, violence against women, bonded labour, participation in public affairs and in

their capacity as human rights defenders.

The protection of the rights of minorities is a priority in Pakistan's National Action Plan for

Human Rights, including strengthening the independence and statutory status of the

Commission on Minorities and developing a National Policy on Interfaith Harmony. All four

provinces have developed plans to protect rights of minorities and protect their places of

worship. Furthermore, a quota (5%) has been allocated for minorities in public employment.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR)

The 2013 elections were followed for the first time in the history of Pakistan by a peaceful

democratic transition from one civilian Government to the next. The much awaited electoral

reform bill, including 32 of the 50 recommendations listed in the 2013 EU Electoral

Observation Mission's report, was enacted on 2 October 2017.

The Human Rights Committee considered the initial report of Pakistan on 11-12 July 2017.

The Committee welcomed the ratification of certain international human rights instruments

and recent national legislation on,

inter alia,

amendments to the Criminal Law regarding rape

and honor-killings and the establishment of the National Commission for Human Rights. The

Committee however expressed concern on a number of issues relating to the obligations under

the CCPR, a few of which are mentioned below. It requested, in accordance with its

procedures, Pakistan to follow up, within one year, with information on the implementation of

some of the Committee's recommendations.

The first recommendation for Pakistan to follow up on is to reinstate the moratorium and

consider the abolition of the death penalty; or at least to ensure that death penalty is only

provided for the "most serious crimes", that no one under the age of 18 or with serious

psychological or intellectual disabilities is subjected to it and that execution protocols are

followed. Pakistan is to further follow up on the recommendation to criminalise and put an

end to the practice of enforced disappearances and secret detention, and to ensure the prompt

investigation of cases of enforced disappearances and extrajudicial killings. Finally, Pakistan

is requested to follow up on the recommendation to repeal all blasphemy laws or to amend

them in compliance with the strict requirements of the Covenant; and to ensure the

investigation and prosecution of those involved in incitement of or engagement in violent acts

against others based on allegations of blasphemy.

Discussions have been ongoing to reform the status of the Federally Administered Tribal

Areas (FATA) where, since the formation of Pakistan, the outdated Frontier Crimes

Regulation has severely limited the democratic and human rights of citizens living in FATA.

The Government has decided, in principle, to merge FATA with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which

would be a first if not complete step towards full recognition of the rights of citizens living in

FATA. The Human Rights Committee recommended in its report that Pakistan takes steps to

ensure that the Constitution, federal laws and jurisdiction of the highest courts are applied in

the entire territory of Pakistan, including FATA.

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The right to a fair trial remains a major concern, stemming from weaknesses of the judicial

system. A large back-log of cases resulting in defendants spending years in jail before their

case is heard continues to be a problem. Poor defendants also continue to have inadequate

access to legal representation, and allegations of corruption and intimidation of the courts,

undermining the course of justice, also continue. Legislative reforms and strengthening of the

justice system, including juvenile justice, are priorities in the National Action Plan for Human

Rights. In 2017, the Government introduced a Juvenile Justice Bill in the Parliament, which

would include age determination protocols. In February 2017, the National Assembly passed

the Alternate Dispute Resolution Bill 2017 aimed at offering more speedy and less costly

resolution fora for 23 types of civil and criminal cases. This is also seen as a way to minimise

the role of arbitrary

jirgas

(tribal councils) and give opportunity for women to be heard in

cases of violence or dispute.

Pakistan lifted the moratorium on the application of death penalty in March 2015. According

to an NGO

, 333 executions were carried out in 2015, 87 in 2016 and 44 in 2017. Pakistan's

National Commission for Human Rights has recommended to review the category of 'most

serious crimes' from an international law perspective and restrict the death penalty to the most

serious crimes as a last resort in accordance with the CCPR. According to the Government,

such a review process started in September 2017.

Concerns about miscarriage of justice in death penalty cases remain. In 2016, the Supreme

Court in four separate cases acquitted five individuals, but two of these had already been

executed and one had died in prison of natural causes. The two others were released after

spending 24 and 11 years in prison respectively. There are still concerns about the possible

execution of juveniles and mentally ill persons. In 2016, the Supreme Court stayed the

execution of two mentally ill persons and one paraplegic. Their cases are awaiting review by a

medical board.

In early 2017, the Pakistani Parliament adopted the 23

constitutional amendment, which

extends the jurisdiction for special military tribunals to civilians in terrorism-related cases

until January 2019. The constitutional amendment introduced certain safeguards, including

the right to be informed about the charges within 24 hours and the right to choose a defence

lawyer, but observers find that these do not go far enough to assuage serious concerns about

the right to a fair trial for the defendants. Proceedings still take place in secrecy, there are no

reasoned judgements and the right of appeal is still restricted. The Human Rights Committee

has recommended to review legislation relating to military courts with a view to abrogating

their jurisdiction over civilians and the authority to impose the death penalty; and to reform

the military courts by bringing their proceedings into full conformity with the Covenant.

Freedom of expression has come under further strain in the last two years. The Government

and the security forces are increasingly applying pressure on the print and broadcast media to

suppress any critical coverage, in particular of the armed forces, using intimidation tactics,

discrete pressure and selectively applying a media code of conduct. In 2017, social media also

came under pressure, with legal grounds offered by the new cybercrimes law enacted in

August 2016. A campaign against 'blasphemy on social media' has been launched, in which

the allegation of blasphemy is effectively used to suppress public opinion online. The Human

Rights Committee recommended Pakistan in its report to ensure that criminal laws are never

http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/

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improperly used against journalists or other dissenting voices and that all reported cases of

harassment, disappearances and killings of human rights defenders are promptly and

thoroughly investigated and prosecuted.

The registration process of international NGOs (INGOs) continues to be slow and non-

transparent. INGOs and national NGOs are required to obtain a no-objection-certificate

(NOC) for their activities, which is often difficult or not granted at all. Furthermore, they

experience threats, intimidation and are sometimes banned by the authorities on 'security'

grounds. Human rights defenders and civil society activists are particularly at risk, and there

are reports of murders and arrests on dubious grounds in connection with the aforementioned

campaign against blasphemy on social media.

Enforced disappearances and extra-judicial killings remain a grave concern and there has been

an increase in the number of cases reported by human rights organisations in the past two

years. According to the July 2017 report of the UN Working Group on Extrajudicial Killings,

there are 723 outstanding cases at the end of the period under review (December 2016). The

highest number of cases continues to take place in Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA

and Karachi. In early 2017 five critical bloggers disappeared for several weeks, and although

they have re-appeared, the circumstances of their disappearance remain unknown. The

Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearances continues to work. According to the

Government, the Commission has up to November 2016 disposed of 2,416 of the 3,692 cases

received. 1,276 are still under investigation. However, to date no one has been prosecuted for

any disappearance or extrajudicial killing. The National Commission on Human Rights has

recommended to criminalise enforced disappearances and strengthen the role and resources of

the Commission of Inquiry. In the second cycle of the Universal Periodic Review in 2012,

Pakistan accepted the recommendation to criminalise enforced disappearances. The same

recommendation was again made by the Human Rights Committee in 2017.

Religious minorities continue to face a difficult situation throughout the country, and are often

subject to violence, intimidation, discrimination and even murder. Nevertheless, some action

has been taken by the Government to curb hate speech, including by banning sermons by

loudspeaker and prosecuting clerics for stoking animosity against minorities. Police has also

more actively stepped in to protect religious minorities or their places of worship against mob

violence or terrorist attacks. Protective legislation has also been adopted, most notably the

Hindu Marriage Bill. According to the Government, a draft for a Christian Marriage and

Divorce Act is being finalised. As mentioned under CERD, a National Policy Interfaith

Harmony is being developed. The Human Rights Committee recommended in its report that

Pakistan reviews school textbooks and curricula with a view to removing all religiously

biased content, incorporates human rights education therein and continues to regulate

madrasas;

it also recommends to fully implement the judgement of the Supreme Court of 19

June 2014.

The blasphemy laws continue to result in the persecution of persons on religious grounds. A

Government campaign against blasphemy on social media can be seen as contributing to fear

among religious minorities and stirred strong religious sentiments resulting in several violent

incidents. The Government has announced that it is considering introducing additional

safeguards against misuse of the blasphemy laws.

The Ahmadi community remains the target of violent persecution. Articles 298B and 298C of

the Penal Code still provide that Ahmadis who call themselves Muslims or perform certain

Islamic rites can be punished for blasphemy with up to three years prison. An increasing

number of cases are also reportedly brought against Ahmadis for 'hate speech' under the anti-

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terrorism laws. In late 2016, police raided the Ahmadi offices in Rabwah, arrested four people

and closed the offices.

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR)

The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights considered the initial report of

Pakistan on 12-13 June 2017. The Committee welcomed ratification of a number of

international human rights instruments and the recent amendment of the Criminal Law,

adopting Anti-Honor Killings legislation. The Committee however expressed concern about a

number of issues relating to the obligations under the CESCR, and requested Pakistan to

follow up, within 18 months, with information on the implementation of some of the

Committee's recommendations. Concerns were expressed on the extreme levels of poverty of

a very large percentage of the population, and occupational safety and health in certain

sectors. The Committee highlighted its concerns regarding the right to education and poor

school infrastructures, poor quality of education and high dropout rates. The Committee

recommended that Pakistan takes measures to ensure that the National Commission for

Human Rights is able to fulfil its mandate independently from the legislative and executive

branches of the Government, and that it functions in accordance with the Paris Principles. The

Committee further requested follow up on the recommendation to ensure the protection of

human rights defenders from abductions, killings and intimidation and to investigate and

prosecute all cases of harassment, disappearance and killings. The Committee requested

Pakistan to follow up on their recommendation to ensure that all children have the right to

education.

Pakistan continues to struggle to ensure the progressive realisation of the economic and social

rights enshrined in the CESCR. The ability to succeed will to a large extent depend on

generating economic growth and channelling the revenues from this growth into investments

in the welfare of the people. The Committee recommended to progressively develop and

apply appropriate indicators on the implementation of economic, social and cultural rights to

facilitate the assessment of progress for various segments of the population.

Over the last two years, the present Government kept economic growth as a priority and has

achieved some results, including through a reform programme supported by the IMF and an

effort to improve energy supply. This has led to a stabilisation of the economy and an

improvement in annual growth rates from 4% to an expected 5.5-6% for 2017-2018.

However, despite a declared aim of increasing tax revenues, results have been marginal and

largely dependent on regressive direct taxes. Only with efforts to broaden the tax base with a

focus on income tax will it be possible to the secure the revenue necessary for real change.

Nearly up to 39% of the population of Pakistan is estimated to live in multidimensional

poverty. With regard to the right to social security and an adequate standard of living, the

Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) provides unconditional cash transfers to families

based on a 'poverty scorecard', while also offering certain services such as health insurance

and vocational training. Employer financed old age pensions also continue to exist but these

cover only employees in the formal sector, thus excluding the large majority of the workforce

in the informal sector.

Basic social indicators remain poor. Human development indicators on life expectancy, infant

mortality, maternal mortality, literacy, school enrolment and completion provide a

problematic picture. Government spending on health has increased by 3% while spending on

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education has increased by 23% during 2014-2016.

The provinces also continue to increase

their spending allocations on education. However, this still falls short of the declared goal to

spend 4% of GDP on education.

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against

Women (CEDAW)

The last Concluding Observations regarding Pakistan from the Committee on the Elimination

against Women date from March 2013. Pakistan's country report is due since 1 March 2017.

The Government continued to attribute high priority to the situation for women and girls has

in the past two years. This has resulted in new legislation and policies to tackle persistent

problems and in some instances this seems to have resulted in improvements on the ground.

However, women and girls continue to be exposed to serious human rights violations,

including murder, violence, rape, forced marriages and forced conversions and discrimination

in practically all fields of life.

According to an NGO, more than 2,500 cases of serious violence against women were

reported in the media in 2016. These ranged from murder, sexual violence, domestic violence,

acid attacks and kidnappings to harassment.

The province of Punjab adopted a Protection of Women against Violence Act, criminalising

all forms of violence against women, addressing weaknesses in the prosecution of offenders

and providing assistance to victims. Sindh and Balochistan already have laws against

domestic violence while Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is reportedly in the process of finalising

similar legislation. However, a law at federal level on violence against women is still being

considered. In 2016, the Parliament adopted an anti-rape law (criminal code amendment bill),

which paves the way for use of DNA in rape cases. According to a study done by an NGO

working against acid crimes, the number of acid attacks declined by 50% from 2012 to 2016.

Still, media recorded a total of 67 victims of acid crimes during 2016.

So called 'honour killings' persist in Pakistan. Statistics for 2016 are not available, but in 2015

an NGO recorded 987 cases mentioned in the media. Following a spate of highly publicised

cases in 2016, the Parliament adopted a law against honour killings, which removed the

possibility for the family of the deceased to forgive the perpetrator.

Forced marriages and forced conversions are forbidden, but continue to take place. A local

NGO has estimated the number of forced conversions, mostly of women and girls, often

underage, to around 1000 per year. The Provincial Assembly of Sindh, where most of these

cases occur, took an important step to address this problem by adopting the Protection of

Minorities Act, which provides safeguards against such practices. However, following

protests from conservative religious groups, the act has not yet been enacted. Another

important development was the adoption, also by the Provincial Assembly of Sindh, of the

Hindu Marriage Act, which for the first time provides legally recognizes marriages in the

Hindu faith. In March 2017, the federal Parliament adopted what is seen as a landmark federal

legislation on registration of Hindu marriages.

Both figures are nominal. Source: PRSP Secretariat, Ministry of Finance Government of Pakistan:

http://www.finance.gov.pk/poverty/PRSP_Expenditure_FY_2015-16.pdf

;

http://www.finance.gov.pk/poverty/PRSP_Expenditure_2013_14_2014_15_provisional.pdf

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The protection of the rights of women and the elimination of gender based violence is a

priority in the National Action Plan for Human Rights. The Ministry for Human Rights has

formulated National Policy Guidelines on Gender Based Violence. The Commission on the

Status of Women has developed 'Standard Violence against Women' indicators which should

contribute to the much needed data on human rights in Pakistan.

Literacy rates for women and school enrolment and completion rates for girls remain

significantly below those of men and boys respectively. During 2016, an economic

empowerment survey was conducted, which illustrates the large economic disparity between

men and women throughout the country, with the Province of Punjab showing the lowest

economic disparity followed by Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. According to

the Government, the Benazir Income Support Programme has played a strong role in the

encouragement and empowerment of over 5.8 million women, especially in rural areas.

Women continue to be underrepresented, both among voters and elected representatives. The

electoral reform package includes measures to encourage women's participation in elections.

Among elected representatives, women continue to have a certain level of representation

through a system of reserved seats. The Election Commission of Pakistan has declared

elections of a provincial constituency null and void due to no women voting and it is hoped

this will act as a deterrent. Electoral areas where women voter registration is less than 40%

compared to men have been identified and are being monitored.

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading

Treatment or Punishment (CAT)

The Committee against Torture considered the initial report of Pakistan on 18-19 April 2017.

In its Concluding Observations, the Committee expressed serious concern about consistent

reports that the police engages in the widespread practice of torture throughout Pakistan to

obtain confessions from persons in custody. It further noted that while information had been

provided that disciplinary measures have been taken against more than 7,500 police officers

in Punjab, there was no information about criminal investigations against any of these

officers.

It was also observed that procedures in place for investigation into allegations of torture were

inadequate to ensure that criminal cases against police officers are effectively pursued; that

oversight bodies foreseen by legislation are not operational or effective in practice; and that

although medical doctors in many cases have documented evidence of torture, the authorities

are reluctant to take action on the basis of this information. With regard to the latter, it can be

noted that the last 2016 GSP Report referred to a study conducted on medical certificates

issued by the Faisalabad District Standing Medical Board, which found conclusive signs of

abuse in 1,424 out of 1,867 cases examined. All cases had been submitted to the Medical

Board because of allegations of mistreatment. No action has so far been taken to conduct an

official investigation into the findings.

The Committee expressed serious concern about reports that the military, intelligence and

paramilitary forces have been implicated in a significant number of cases of extrajudicial

executions involving torture and enforced disappearances. It also noted that certain

legislation, including the Aid of Civil Power Regulation, amendments to the Army Act and

provisions in the Anti-Terrorism Act have aided in creating

de facto

immunity for members of

the security forces engaged in torture. In this connection it was also observed that the National

Commission for Human Rights was prevented from investigating complaints involving the

military or the intelligence agencies.

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It was also noted that while the Constitution prohibits torture for the purpose of extracting

information and that the infliction of 'hurt' is punishable under the Penal Code, current

legislation fails to provide a definition of torture in accordance with the CAT, or to explicitly

criminalise torture as required by the CAT. The Committee observed with concern that the

bill against Torture, Custodial Death and Custodial Rape has been pending before Parliament

for several years without adoption. One version of the bill was adopted by the Senate in 2015,

but lapsed due to inaction by the National Assembly. No timeline on its adoption was

provided.

The Committee against Torture expressed deep concern about reports of deaths in custody as

a result of torture and severe overcrowding and extremely poor conditions in places of

detention. Jail reform is a priority in the National Action Plan for Human Rights and if

implemented could offer better conditions in prisons and detention places. The Government is

working with the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, and a Prisons Reform Programme has been

developed to help reforming the legal and regulatory framework, improving management of

prisons and reducing overcrowding through parole and probation. The provinces of Punjab,

Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have allocated budgetary resources for the repair of existing

jails, including medical facilities, and for the conctruction of new ones.

Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)

The Committee on the Rights of the Child considered the initial report of Pakistan on 25-26

May 2016. In its Concluding Observations, the Committee recognised initiatives by the

Government and the difficulties faced, but expressed serious concerns with regard to

children's rights, a number of which are outlined below.

While reiterating positive legislative developments, in particular in areas of child labour and

education, the Committee expressed concern about delays regarding the adoption of a number

of bills. In this context, differences between provinces were noted, following devolution of

power, but the Committee recalled the Government's responsibility for implementation of

treaty obligations and encouraged stronger coordination mechanisms and allocation of

adequate resources. The Committee also expressed concerns about legislation in some

provinces that permits marriage of girls at the age of 16 and that includes a definition of a 'girl

child' that covers girls only up to the age of 16 or puberty.

The Committee expressed serious concern about the prevalence of violence against children.

It highlighted reports of torture and ill treatment of children by the police and security forces,

honour killings, widespread use of corporal punishment, sexual abuse and exploitation of

children and other harmful practices. It also highlighted the attacks on children by terrorists,

quoted reports of alleged execution of juveniles. Moreover, it encouraged Pakistan to carry

out a review of all cases involving claims of juvenility and to strengthen the juvenile justice

system and the system of birth registration.

The Committee also expressed concern regarding discrimination against girls and children

belonging to ethnic and religious minorities and lack of access for many children to adequate

health services and education.

According to the Government, a process has been initiated to follow up on the Concluding

Observations of the Committee, and a draft action plan on this subject is under discussion

with the provinces. The Government has also highlighted a number of legislative and

institutional initiatives taken to improve the rights of children. In this respect the protection of

the rights of the child is a priority under the National Action Plan for Human Rights.

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Recent laws directly aimed at addressing children's rights include the Punjab Child Marriage

Restraint Act (2015) and the Criminal Law (Second Amendment) Act (2016) against sexual

abuse exploitation, trafficking and child pornography. Other newer laws with a potentially

positive effect on children's rights include the Domestic Violence (criminal law amendment)

bill, the Hindu Marriage Bill and the law against honour killings. The law on forced

conversions adopted by the Sindh Provincial Assembly, but blocked by the Government,

would, if adopted unchanged, also provide important protection against forced conversion of

minors. Furthermore, an important development is the adoption of the National Commission

on the Rights of the Child Bill 2017. This law establishes an independent statutory body

called the National Commission on the Rights of the Child to monitor children rights.

Sindh has enacted a Child Marriage Restraint Act setting the legal age of marriage of 18 years

for both males and females. Punjab also has a Marriage Restraint Act setting the age of

marriage of 18 years for males and 16 years for females. In Parliament a federal law is being

debated where the proposed minimum age of marriage of 18 years for females is being

opposed on the grounds that underage marriage of females is in accordance with religious

edicts.

The Government has adopted an inclusive education system for children with disabilities to

mainstream them into the formal education system. The Provinces are also taking initiatives,

for example the 'Punjab Khidmat Card' in the province of Punjab. Sindh and Kyber

Paktunkhwa are taking intiatives to establish rehabilitiation centers.

Future actions and priorities

A greater focus on human rights issues during the reporting period has been noted. The

framework for human rights is being strengthened with a pro-active Ministry for Human

Rights and engagement by Parliament, provinces, different coordination mechanisms (for

example the TICs) and oversight bodies. A National Human Rights Institute is being

established to focus on human rights research and training. The Law Reforms Committee

continues to work on overhauling legislation (the anti-rape and anti-honour killing laws came

as a result of its work) and according to the Government an overall framework for human

rights is being developed as part of its participation in the Open Government Partnership.

Important legislation pertaining to protecting and promoting human rights is in the legislative

process such as the Bill Against Torture, Custodial Death and Custodial rape; the Juvenile

Justice System Bill; the Child Marriage Restraint Act; the Christian Marriage and Divorce

Act; the Transgender Persons Act and the Reproductive Healthcare Rights Bill. National

policies on empowerment of women, on violence against women and on domestic workers are

being established. A review of the 27 crimes that currently carry the death penalty has started,

having regard to the principle of limitation of capital punishment to the "most serious crimes".

Conclusions

During the reporting period 2016-2017, improvements have been noted on the institutional

side, with the establishment of TICs, an intensified debate about human rights, a more active

role of the Parliament and the Ministry of Human Rights, the adoption of a National Action

Plan on Human Rights and increasingly active and effective independent oversight bodies,

such as the National Commission on Human Rights and the Commission on the Status of

Women. The establishment of the National Commission on the Rights of the Child is also a

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welcome development. There have also been important developments in legislation on the

rights of women and children, most notably on violence against women, honour killings, rape

and sexual abuse and exploitation of children. Efforts have also continued to curb hate

speech. The new electoral reform bill represents an important step for democracy in Pakistan.

However, effective implementation continues to be a concern. There is a need for sustained

strengthening of institutions and implementation of legislation, particularly the National

Action Plan on Human Rights, across all territories of Pakistan. There is a lack of reliable

data, monitoring and evaluation.

There are a number of areas where the situation remains unchanged or where there are

worrying developments. Only limited action has been taken to address the longstanding issue

of enforced disappearances and extrajudicial killings. Likewise, the Government has not

taken effective action to address the widespread use of torture. The application of the death

penalty and executions remain a grave concern, while a review of the crimes carrying the

death penalty would be a welcome first step in the right direction.

While some actions have been taken regarding freedom of religion or belief, for example

against hate speech, the blasphemy laws and related campaigns in social media, the difficult

situation of religious and ethnic minorities continues to be a concern.

There are serious concerns about freedom of expression, freedom of association and

assembly, the situation of human rights defenders and civil society activists, and the overall

'shrinking civil society space'.

The picture of Pakistan's performance on human rights druing the reporting period remains

mixed. The lack of progress in certain areas can to some extent be explained by the many

challenges faced by the Government, including the difficult security situation, and the lack of

resources and capacity. Recent positive steps taken with regards to the establishment and

increased independence of national oversight bodies, as well as the introduction of new

legislation will still need time and dedicated effort to translate into a more effective

implementation of Pakstian's human rights obligations.

Pakistan must therefore step up its efforts and take more proactive, sustained and forceful

action to implement legislation and to address problematic areas. In this context, it is

important that Pakistan follows-up on the recommendations provided by the UN Human

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Rights Treaty Bodies, addressing identified shortcomings and strengthening the overall

implementation of the relevant treaty obligations.

2.2.

ILO Labour Rights Conventions (conventions 8-15)

Status of ratification and reporting

Over the reporting period, Pakistan has maintained ratification of the eight ILO fundamental

conventions relevant for GSP+ and has complied with all its reporting obligations.

Status of implementation of the conventions

The labour force in Pakistan is estimated at 61 million people out of whom 57 million are

employed. The Government estimates that 73% of the workforce is employed in the informal

sector, primarily in agriculture and homebased work. The Government carried out a new

labour force survey in 2017, the results of which are not available yet.

The 18

constitutional amendment from 2010 devolved responsibility for labour rights from

the federal to the provincial level. Capacity constraints at provincial level continue to

constitute a challenge for the implementation of ILO conventions, with the picture differing

from province to province.

Occupational Safety and Health continues to be an issue in Pakistan. Serious incidents, such

as factory fires and building collapses, do occur. The working environments generally

remains unhealthy and unsafe. Some sectors have particular problems, such as mining and the

ship breaking industry.

The labour inspection system remains inadequate. The Government has developed a

framework for revitalisation and restructuring of the inspection system and is working with

ILO and donors to implement improvements, including through recruitment of inspectors,

capacity building and digitisation. However, so far this has not translated into substantial

improvements and further steps could include a new legislative framework, a separation of the

inspection system from the provincial labour departments and establishing tripartite oversight

mechanisms.

Pakistan has a system of labour courts, which adjudicate matters related to labour rights and

labour disputes. However, the effectiveness of these courts is hampered by long delays in

processing cases, complicated and costly procedures and allegations of collusion with

employers. This is not fundamentally different from the problems facing the judiciary in

general. Another problem that has been brought up is the lack of expertise of the judges in

labour law. Observers have called for the appointment of special labour judges with the

necessary expertise to serve exclusively in the labour courts.

Since 2016, the EU funded project International Labour and Environmental Standards

Application in Pakistan's SMEs (ILES) promotes sustainable and inclusive growth in Pakistan

by supporting the economic integration of Pakistan into the regional economy by improving

compliance with labour and environmental standards and increased competitiveness. The

project will assist public sector institutions to improve the enforcement of existing legislation

and compliance of international labour and environmental standards in Pakistan, as well as

define new laws where necessary. In particular, it will assist SMEs in the textile and leather

sector to institutionalize the implementation of and compliance with ILES legislation through

their active engagement.

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Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining (Conventions 87 and 98)

The rate of unionisation remains very low. Currently only 1% of workers are members of

trade unions. Registration of new unions in Pakistani workplaces continues to be met with

difficulties. The requirement that a trade union can only be registered if it represents more

than 20% of the workforce has allegedly led to employers registering fake (pocket) unions.

Moreover, the registration process is complicated and subject to wide discretion of the

registrar, leading to allegations of collusion with employers to prevent registration. There

have been some indications that the 20% threshold could be removed, but no action has yet

been taken and no proposals have been adopted to streamline the registration process. Legal

rules continue to exclude the formation of unions and the right to strike in health and

education, banking and security, which are considered as 'essential' services.

A main challenge continues to be the generation of new employment opportunities for a

rapidly growing population. In order to attract investment, the Government established a

number of export processing zones (EPZs) and has recently, in connection with the

implementation of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor, established new Special Economic

Zones (SEZs). A main concern has been that labour laws were not applicable in the EPZs.

According to the Government, labour laws will be fully applicable in the SEZs and that they

are working to bring EPZs under this regime.

Sindh and Balochistan have included workers in the informal sector under the industrial

relations act and the first union, the Sindh Agriculture and Fishing Workers Union has been

formed. The province is reportedly undertaking awareness raising among informal sector

workers of their rights. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is considering a similar step. In Punjab, a home

based workers union has been formed, but its ability to operate and bargain collectively is

uncertain, given the absence of a legal framework provided by the industrial relations act.

Harassment and intimidation of trade union members continue to be an issue. This can take

the form of threats of dismissal. In some instances workers have allegedly been forced to sign

undated resignation letters. The widespread practice of not giving workers formal

employment contracts, thus leaving them without protection or the ability to join a union,

continues. The Government has not indicated how it intends to adress this issue, but a robust

labour inspection system and appropriate sanctions for infractions would be necessary.

There are limitations on the right to strike, and authorities can unilaterally suspend actions

after 30 days, or before it causes 'hardship' on the community. Illegal strikes are punishable

with imprisonment of up to 10 years (or life) under the offense of 'civil commotion'. The

police is sometimes called upon to break up strikes and has in a number of cases charged the

striking workers under the Anti-Terrorism Act.

Tripartite structures have been strengthened in recent years. The National Industrial Relations

Committee has been re-established and is taking a more active role. Recently established

tripartite consultative committees at federal and provincial level have also met regularly in the

last few years and discussed relevant labour market issues. Two national tripartite

consultations were held in 2017, to discuss labour market legislation in a post devolution

scenario and the provincial action plans for implementation of said legislation. The workers-

employers' bilateral council has also continued to be active.

Abolition of Forced Labour (Conventions 29 and 105)

Forced labour manifests itself in particular in the form of bonded labour and remains a major

issue in Pakistan. Bonded labour is most prevalent in the brick kiln production and the

agricultural sector, but also in coal, glass and carpet industries. The problem continues to be

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concentrated mostly in Sindh and Punjab. Bonded labourers often belong to religious

minorities and lack basic education, making it more difficult for them to assert their rights. No

reliable figures exist, but the 2016 Global Slavery Index estimates that around 2.2 million

people in Pakistan live in modern slavery. Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have

indicated that they intend to carry out bonded labour surveys. Sindh, as part of its planned

survey on child labour, will assess bonded labour involving children.

Bonded labour was outlawed throughout Pakistan by the 1992 Federal Bonded Labour

Abolition Act. Some effort has been made to improve legislation against forced labour and

bonded labour. Nevertheless, the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of

Conventions and Recommendations (CEACR) has highlighted certain circumstances in which

Pakistani legislation allows for imprisonment involving compulsory labour in situations

which are not permitted by the ILO fundamental conventions. Such circumstances include

punishment for expressing political or religious views, or having participated in strikes.

In 2015, provincial bonded labour abolition acts were adopted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and

Sindh. Punjab and Balochistan are working on their own bonded labour abolition acts. In

2016, Punjab also adopted the prohibition of child labour in the Brick Kilns Act, which

includes some provisions aimed at addressing bonded labour in kilns. Authorities in Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and Punjab are taking action in relation to bonded labour, including in

brick kilns (see section on Conventions 138 and 182).

Enforcement continues to be a concern: very few, if any, cases are being prosecuted. Penalties

are often inadequate to deter infractions and law enforcement lacks awareness of labour issues

and the capacity to tackle them effectively. Moreover, corruption affects the capacity of local

law enforcement officials to prevent investigations and prosecutions.

Minimum Age for Work and Worst Forms of Child Labour (Conventions 138

and 182)

Child labour continues to be a major concern in Pakistan. A national child labour survey has

not been carried out since 1996, so accurate figures are lacking. The ILO has estimated that

2.5 million children between the age of 10 and 14 are in employment, likely bringing the total

number of child workers in Pakistan to a much higher figure. Punjab and Sindh are in the

process of carrying out new child labour surveys, while Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

have plans to do so. Punjab has already completed a survey of the brick kiln industry. Azad

Jammu and Kashmir territory also have plans for a survey.

The majority of child labour in Pakistan takes place in the agricultural sector. However,

problems are also significant in brick kilns and in certain industries, such as gemstones and

stone crushing. There is also a growing issue with child domestic workers, where a number of

cases of abuse of underage domestic workers have been reported in the media. The worst

forms of child labour are reportedly also prevalent, including bonded child labour in brick

kilns, carpet weaving and work in the mining industry. There are also reports of children

being recruited by militant groups and for sexual exploitation.

Combatting child labour is a priority for Pakistan. In 2016, the Ministry of Overseas

Pakistanis and Human Resource Development (MOP&HRD) developed a national strategy to

eliminate child and bonded labour in collaboration with the provinces. Under this strategy, the

provincial labour departments shall take steps on legislation, rules and regulations,

enforcement of laws, policies and action plans. Proposed actions include capacity building of

all stakeholders, enhanced data collection efforts, information and education campaigns and

strengthened law enforcement efforts. On the legislative side, the federal law on employment

of children (1991) has now been replaced in all provinces by provincial acts on the prohibition

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or restriction of employment of children. Generally, these laws prohibit children under 14 to

engage in any work and children under 18 to engage in hazardous occupations. While

generally welcomed, some observers have concerns that the definition of hazardous

occupations is not always comprehensive enough. They have also pointed out that there is a

discrepancy between the 14 year age limit and the fact that the Constitution requires

compulsory education until the age of 16.

Enforcement is still an issue, hampered by the weakness of the labour inspection system and

the total absence of inspections in the informal sector where most children work.

Nevertheless, provinces have reported that they have taken special steps to monitor child

labour and that this has resulted in arrests and prosecutions.

Punjab has made special efforts to address child labour in brick kilns. With the adoption of the

Prohibition of Child Labour in Brick Kiln Act in 2016, the presence of children in the value

chain has been criminalised, the presence of children on the worksites has been prohibited,

inspections in kilns have increased and additional measures have been taken, including the

provision of Computerised National Identity Cards to workers and their families and financial

incentives for school enrolment of children. According to the Government, 9,065 inspections

took place in brick kilns and 778 cases were lodged, resulting in a significant reduction of

child labour from 25% to 3%.

While the efforts in Punjab and elsewhere must be acknowledged, they are still not on par

with the size of the problem. The targeted effort against child labour in brick kilns in Punjab

has demonstrated that the problem can be addressed successfully. This effort must be

sustained and followed in other parts of the country and in other sectors where child labour is

prevalent, most notably in agriculture. At the same time, sanctions against infractions should

be coupled with other measures to act as an effective long-term deterrent.

Elimination of Discrimination (Conventions 100 and 111)

Pakistan's Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, religion, caste, sex,

residence and place of birth. There is also legislation in place, which,

inter alia,

provides for

equal pay for men and women. Apart from the Protection against Harassment of Women at

Workplace Act (which is being amended to include colleges and universities), no specific

anti-discrimination laws exist, and some observers report about gaps in legal protection.

MOP&HRD has drafted a model anti-discrimination law. Provinces have indicated that they

are examining this law and are considering adopting corresponding legislation at the

provincial level. Some provinces have also indicated that provincial legislation is already

prohibiting all forms of discrimination.

Discrimination against women in the workplace continues to be a major concern. The wage

gap is significant and some estimate that women receive on average less than 60% of the

salary of men for equal work. The labour market participation of women (24%) is

significantly lower than that of men (81%). The 2017 Labour Force Survey is expected to

provide updated information on this gap. Women are also reportedly discriminated against

when it comes to promotions, often face sexual harassment, and have difficulty receiving

maternity benefits and lack basic facilities in the workplace.

There are reports that provinces are taking some action, including by sensitising labour

inspectors and actively enforcing anti-discrimination provisions, but the scope and intensity is

unclear. There are also quotas for women in certain public positions, but they are sometimes

unfilled, ostensibly due to a lack of qualified candidates. The low number of complaints,

including to the Ombudsman, is sometimes pointed out, but this is more likely a reflection of

a lack of empowerment, rather than an absence of problems. Some awareness-raising has been

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done by the Ombudsman's secretariat to promote the effective use of online complaints

systems. The Higher Education Commission is working to mainstream gender in business and

media curricula of universities. Trainings have been carried out for journalists and media

workers on gender sensitive reporting and issues of women in the workplace. Trainings have

also been carried out on sexual harassment laws.

Ethnic and religious minorities are also disadvantaged in the workplace. They are often

confined to low-wage menial labour and are disproportionally often victims of bonded labour.

Some provinces have quotas for minorities in public employment, but it is unclear if these are

filled and if they predominantly apply to lower wage jobs. Persons with disabilities also face

difficulty in getting employed. The law provides for equal rights for persons with disabilities.

Certain steps have been taken to promote access for this group to civil service exams and

employment quotas at federal and provincial level are in place, which require public and

private organisations to reserve at least 2% of jobs for qualified persons with disabilities.

However, this requirement is often not implemented due to lack in effective enforcement.

Future actions and priorities

Despite some progress, Pakistan continues to be confronted with a number of pressing issues

with regard to the protection of labour rights. Some provinces, namely Punjab, Sindh and

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, have been more active in terms of building a legislative framework and

its implementation. Labour force and child labour surveys are underway, which are an

important step for a reliable overview of the labour situation in the country. The number of

labour inspectors has been stagnating countrywide and the whole labour inspection system is

in need of reform, which is essential to improve the enforcement of labour rights and working

conditions. The number of labour inspectors is planned to be increased further. The Ministry

of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development (MOP&HRD) has indicated that it

is working to develop a National Labour Protection Framework along with provincial time

bound action plans, focusing on seven thematic areas: child labour, forced labour, freedom of

association and collective bargaining, non-discrimination, labour inspection, social dialogue

and occupational safety and health. The federal and provincial authorities are taking some

initiatives to improve anti-discrimination legislation, but stronger action will be needed.

Conclusions

Overall, further steps have been taken by the provinces to adopt legislation and to develop

procedures and guidelines to implement the ILO fundamental conventions, also in the context

of devolution of labour rights from the federal to the provincial levels. While this process is

still not complete, it has moved forward during the reporting period. However,

implementation and enforcement of laws and regulations continue to be a problem, although

some provinces have stepped up efforts to improve enforcement. Further efforts are needed to

improve the labour inspection system and overall working conditions.

The work undertaken by the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource

Development to develop a national labour protection framework and by the federal and

provincial authorities to strengthen the labour inspection system aim to improve compliance

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with rights and standards. Labour force and child labour surveys are ongoing, thus

improving data availability.

There have been some improvements in the area of tripartite dialogue, as the frequency of the

meetings both at federal and provincial level increased. Efforts in this area should be

intensified and could be expanded to more areas of labour market and social policies. The

gradual opening for the formation of trade unions in the informal sector is also positive. The

Government should address the persistent obstacles for the registration and functioning of

trade unions, as the level of unionisation continues to be low.

Regarding child labour, some progress can be noted, in particular the effort made by Punjab

to address child labour in brick kilns. However, efforts addressing child labour must be

intensified and extended to other provinces and to other sectors. Some efforts to tackle bonded

labour have been made, although the results are less evident. Only limited efforts were

undertaken to improve gender discrimination in employment and to tackle discrimination

against persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups.

Overall, there has been some progress and commitment to improve the implementation of the

ILO fundamental conventions. Federal and provincial authorities must continue and further

strengthen their efforts, with a particular focus on some of the most problematic issues,

notably to ensure the right of trade unions to register and operate, to enhance the functioning

of the labour inspection, to improve occupational health and safety of workers, to eradicate

bonded labour, and to eliminate the worst forms of child labour.

2.3.

UN Conventions on Environmental Protection and Climate

Change (conventions 16-23)

Status of ratification and reporting

Pakistan maintains ratification of all conventions. Pakistan is up to date with reporting

requirements for all conventions, except under the UNFCCC.

Status of implementation of the conventions

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and

Fauna (CITES)

All annual reports under CITES are submitted. Biennial reports on legislative, regulative and

administrative measures to enforce the Convention were submitted until 2013-2014, while at

the time of drafting this report, those for 2015-16 were in preparation.

National legislation still falls under category 2, which means that national legislation is

believed generally not to meet all of the requirements for the implementation of CITES. The

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implementing rules for the Pakistan Trade Control of Wild Fauna and Flora Act 2012 are

being developed. Provincial Governments are fully functional to implement CITES in all four

provinces.

Pakistan continued to actively pursue its drive against illegal trade of wildlife within the

South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network. For example, 150 desert lizards were seized by

the authorities in Sindh, which had been intended to be sold to other countries in the region.

Several attempts of turtle smuggling (including black pond turtles) were foiled. Almost 200

black pond turtles were repatriated to China by the Customs Authorities. The Government of

Sindh has amended its Wildlife legislation which now includes all species of freshwater

turtles as protected. Sindh has also banned turtle hunting and bear baiting which has

contributed to preventing illegal trade in protected species.

However, there have been cases where endangered species have been put under additional

threats. The most prominent example is related to the Houbara Bustard. In 2016, it was

reported that due to foreign policy considerations and a decision by the Supreme Court,

Punjab and Balochistan Provinces issued hunting permits for the Houbara Busard to royals

from middle eastern countries. Nevertheless, the CITES Management Committee within the

Ministry of Climate did not issue export certificates.

The Sindh Wildlife Department is also cooperating with World Wildlife Fund (WWF) on its

enforcement efforts. A National Plan of Action has been developed and more than 200

representatives of law enforcement agencies have received training covering key aspects of

illegal wildlife trade. Additionally, wildlife information desks are being set up in

collaboration with the Civil Aviation Authority at airports and provincial wildlife departments

to increase vigilance over wildlife traffickers at important exit points of the country.

Basel Convention

The National Report for 2015 was submitted in October 2016. Pakistan is developing a

national hazardous waste management policy. The Basel Convention Import Policy Order

2016, which bans import of hazardous wastes, has been issued.

Procedures for the import of

scrap/waste tires have been laid out in the policy. A project on environmentally sound

management of waste from ship-breaking at Gaddani (the world's second largest shipbreaking

yard) has been concluded and the Ministry of Climate Change is assessing how to develop a

project based on the proposals of the report. Pakistan has not yet issued hazardous substances

rules.

Convention on Biological Diversity

A National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) has been prepared in consultation

of the Provinces and is currently being reviewed by the Prime Minister's Office. The fifth

Annual Report has been submitted.

Land degradation and desertification remain serious issues in Pakistan and is the main cause

of loss of biodiversity and agricultural productivity. Land use planning is almost non-existent

in Pakistan and consequently the impact of land degradation and desertification on national

economy are not well documented. Water erosion, wind erosion, depletion of soil fertility,

water logging, salinity, deforestation and overgrazing are major causes of land degradation.

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Government presented its 'Billion Tree Tsunami' project at the

pavilion of the International Union of the Conservation for Nature (IUCN) to be implemented

http://www.pkrevenue.com/customs/import-policy-order-2016-import-of-mobile-handset-subject-to-pta-approval/

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over four years. Already thousands of nurseries have been set up and around 100 million

saplings have been planted across the province.

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

Pakistan submitted the required National Implementation Plan (NIP), but none of the required

updates so far. An update of the NIP (together with an inventory of new POPs) is expected to

be submitted by December 2017. The second national report is still pending, but the third

report was submitted in January 2016.

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

The Ministry of Climate Change, with the help of the IUCN, has revised the National

Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) of Pakistan, which is anticipated to be

approved by December 2017. The NBSAP has a strategy to achieve the Aichi Biodiversity

Targets by 2020.

A National Biosafety Centre was established at the Federal level. Biosafety Rules and

Guidelines recommended setting up an Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC), a Technical

Advisory Committee and the National Biosafety Committee (NBC). All institutions, both

public and private, involved in research and development of biotechnology are required to

establish an IBC, which is responsible for giving clearance for initiating research according to

the Biosafety Guidelines. More than 40 IBCs belonging to both private and public sector have

been registered with the NBC. The Biosafety Guidelines provide procedures for the research

and development on living and genetically modified organisms and their products, including

their release and their products for field trials as well as for commercial purposes. The

Government is planning to establish an efficient regulatory, administrative and monitoring

framework for the implementation of the Cartagena Protocol; a ten year national biosafety

framework for the implementation, coordination, and monitoring of the Protocol, including

mechanisms to make science-based risk assessments and ensuring transparency in the

development and use of living modified organisms.

Conventions on Climate Change

Pakistan is among the most vulnerable countries to climate change. Due to a rapidly growing

population and an insufficient public infrastructure, the impact of a changing climate and

extreme weather events is multiplied. Pakistan emits about 1% of global emissions. Its high

carbon intensity is almost 4 times the world average. The Global Climate Risk Index (2017)

ranks Pakistan as number 7 among the most adversely affected countries by climate change.

Pakistan has made some progress in this field. It ratified the Paris Agreement in April 2016.

The country submitted in 2015 what some think tanks consider a rather unambitious and non-

committal climate action plan, in particular given the exposure to climate induced disasters in

the last five years: droughts, floods and more recently, intense heatwaves. It does not specify

an emissions reduction target or set of mitigation activities. Pakistan's INDCs (Intended

Nationally Determined Contributions) stem from the country's strategic plan Vision 2025. The

INDCs present the overall Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions profile and future emission

projections, by considering both the present and future socio-economic parameters, changes in

the demographic dynamics and emerging energy needs. They also describe mitigation and

adaptation measures already being implemented in Pakistan and discuss the challenges and

difficulties being faced and those likely to be confronted in coming years.

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The presentation of INDCs does not lessen the challenges that Pakistan faces until they are

comprehensively implemented. The country is believed to be at the crossroads of economic

development, offering a promising potential for mitigation and adaptation with a favourable

opportunity to embark upon low emissions developmental pathways. Fundamental ingredients

of development, such as energy needs, food and water consumption levels, infrastructure

development, transportation and communication channels are expected to grow manifold in

the coming years. Consequently, GHG emissions are likely to grow exponentially, unless

cleaner and sustainable technologies can intercept the developmental trajectory and engineer

the desired change.

Most actions are contingent upon the provision of international climate finance. Pakistan

received about USD 5 million from the Adaptation Fund and funding of USD 38 million

approved by the Green Climate Fund (GCF). The Pakistan Climate Change Act 2017 was

passed by the Senate of Pakistan in March 2017. This law will establish a policy-making

Climate Change Council, along with a Climate Change Authority to prepare and supervise the

implementation of projects to help Pakistan adapt to climate impacts and monitor GHG

emissions.

Pakistan only reluctantly agreed to the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and

benefits from a deferred schedule for phasing-out HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons).

Conclusions

Pakistan's efforts to implement the environmental conventions have improved. With legislative

measures largely in place, Pakistan now looks towards strengthening institutions to achieve a

sustained level of implementation of the conventions, especially those pertaining to

environmental and climate change. There is a growing awareness with regard to effective

implementation of these conventions among civil society organisations. The judiciary has

been highly critical about the Houbara Bustard hunting. The collaboration between the

Government, the IUCN and the WWF reflects a change in priorities with regard to

biodiversity, an area which used to be largely neglected before 2014.

An integrated approach could help to advance on different dimensions of sustainable

development. Decentralised renewable energy systems could help to ensure stable and

pollution-free access to electricity.

Technology and capacity building are important to enable an accelerated market take-up of

green solutions. Enhanced cooperation with the EU but also South-South cooperation and

triangular cooperation should be sought. Pakistan received climate finance from the

Adaptation Fund and the Green Climate Fund.

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2.4.

UN Conventions on Good Governance (Conventions 24-27)

Status of ratification and reporting

Pakistan maintains ratification of all conventions. Pakistan is up to date with reporting

requirements for all conventions.

Status of implementation of the conventions

UN Conventions Fighting Illegal Drugs

Pakistan continues to be one of the world's top transit corridors for opiates and cannabis,

which are trafficked through the porous border area with Afghanistan and Iran. The United

Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimates Pakistan is the destination and

transit country for approximately 40% of the opiates produced in Afghanistan. Pakistan's

main opium poppy growing areas remain in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA, and north-eastern

Balochistan. Insecurity in these regions has prevented the conduct of reliable ground

surveying, hampering efforts to determine precise cultivation levels. In 2015, the Anti-

Narcotics Force (ANF) reported 977 hectares (ha) of poppy and eradicated 605 ha, leaving a

balance of 372 ha that were not eradicated.

In 2016, Pakistan's law enforcement agencies made multiple noteworthy seizures and arrests.

During 2015, the ANF registered 1,207 cases of drug charges with a 35% conviction rate.

However, some of these cases are overturned on appeal, and many more are still pending final

court decisions, adding to Pakistan’s vast pre-trial detention prisoner population. The vast

majority of these cases involved low-level possession or small quantity courier trafficking.

Suspects arrested by the ANF – mostly small-time traffickers – were tried in special narcotics

courts that only hear cases put forth by the ANF, and the ANF employed its own prosecutor

corps to prosecute the cases.

Pakistan's drug treatment capacities, with fewer than 100 clinics operating nationwide,

remained insufficient to meet the growing demand. Very few public hospitals offer drug

treatment services, though Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was the first province to take steps to

integrate basic addiction counselling into its public health system. Lacking Government

funding, over 90% of Pakistan's detoxification centres are operated by NGOs. As a result, cost

remains the primary obstacle preventing widespread access to treatment, leaving 75% of

people addicted to opiates without help. According to the recent UNODC estimates, fewer

than 30,000 drug users received detoxification therapy annually. Due to a lack of institutional

capacity to serve women, the majority of drug users receiving treatment are men.

The nexus of opium traffickers and other drug traffickers in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan

has been highlighted in the UNODC annual report. The INCB report 2016 mentions cannabis

as the most widely produced, trafficked and consumed drug in the world, and cannabis plant

continues to be widely cultivated in Asia. The report places Pakistan among the three biggest

cannabis producers.

UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC)

The country review of Pakistan (2010-2015) of the United Nations Convention against

Corruption (UNCAC) implementation review mechanism is not yet finalised.

The National Accountability Bureau (NAB) is the official Anti-Corruption Agency of

Pakistan. The Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) and Anti-Corruption Establishments in the

provinces also play a role in curtailing corruption but NAB is the exclusive agency for this

purpose.

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In 2017, the NAB intends to further strengthen its anti-corruption efforts by strengthening

awareness with a strong focus on the youth of the country. The NAB plans to establish an

exclusive Anti-Corruption Academy for capacity building of investigation officers through

specialised trainings. It also plans to form an anti-corruption forum in collaboration with

countries in the region to enhance and strengthen anti-corruption activities across borders.

The NAB has been widely criticised by the Supreme Court during hearings in corruption

cases against the Prime Minister's family, invoked after the Panama leaks. In January 2017,

the National Accountability (Amendment) Ordinance - II was promulgated by the President

whereby Voluntary Return & Pleas Bargain under Section 25 (a) & (b) in NAO 1999 was

substituted by Voluntary Return with amended implications of conviction. Previously, the

plea bargain clause enabled corrupt individuals to walk free after paying back part of the ill-

gotten money. Presently, the NAO 1999 is being reviewed by a committee comprising

legislators from both houses of the Parliament.

Pakistan slightly improved its position in Transparency International's Corruption Perception

Index, ranking 117 out of 167 countries with a score of 30 out of 100 in 2015 and ranking 116

out of 176 countries with a score of 32 in 2016.

Conclusions

Efforts are being made to strengthen the anti-corruption framework, including through review

of legislation and awareness building. This is strongly encouraged.

Closer coordination of law enforcement agencies, more readily shared information, and more

efficient use of limited resources would enable Pakistan to more effectively reduce drug

trafficking. Increased public awareness about the drug trade and its negative societal

influences would further facilitate concerted Government action across law enforcement

agencies.

3. Trade and Economy

Trade Picture

Pakistan's economy is still quite dependent on agriculture, which accounts for around 25% of

GDP and 45% of employment. Services and industry account for 55% and 9% of GDP

respectively.

Pakistan's economy has shown signs of recovery after experiencing subdued

growth rates of 3-4% over the period 2011-2015 due to an energy crisis, a volatile security

environment, recurring natural disasters and challenges in economic governance. Growth is

expected to further consolidate in the coming years.

3.1.

From 2006 to 2016, EU imports from Pakistan almost doubled from EUR 3.3 to EUR 6.2

billion. The growth of imports has been particularly fast since the award of GSP+ to Pakistan

in January 2014, with a 21% increase between 2014 and 2016 in terms of GSP+ imports into

the EU.

World Bank data

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The EU is Pakistan's first export destination absorbing around 29% of Pakistan's total exports

to the world, followed by the USA (16%), China (9%) and Afghanistan (8%). The EU is

Pakistan's third largest source of imports, after China (23%) and the UAE (14%), accounting

for around 10% of the total.

Pakistan takes part in economic integration efforts within the South Asian Association for

Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and has trade agreements with China, Indonesia, Malaysia

and Sri Lanka.

3.2.

GSP+ Statistics

Figures 1-3 below describe Pakistan's utilisation of GSP+ in the context of its overall imports

to the EU. Pakistani GSP+ exports to the EU are dominated by textiles and clothing, which

together accounted for 80% of the total.

Source for all statistics: Eurostat data as of September 2017.

Figure 1

Pakistan - Imports to the EU, 2014-2017

Figures in thousand EUR

Total imports to EU

GSP+ eligible imports

GSP+ preferential imports

GSP+ utilisation rate

2014

5,390,009

4,775,255

4,557,142

95.4%

2015

5,953,902

5,450,261

5,235,525

96.1%

2016

6,197,304

5,775,157

5,521,262

95.6%

2017 (Q1-

3,292,927

3,053,459

2,939,886

96.3%

Trend

2014-2016

15.0%

20.9%

21.2%

0.2%

Figure 2

Pakistan - Imports to the EU, 2014-2016

7.000.000

6.000.000

5.000.000

Imports to the EU (thousand EUR)

4.000.000

3.000.000

2.000.000

1.000.000

84.55%

87.93%

89.09%

Eligible GSP+ imports

which do not use

GSP+ preferences

Other preferential

and non-preferential

imports

5.953.902

5.390.009

6.197.304

GSP+ preferential

imports

4.05%

11.41%

2014

3.61%

8.46%

2015

4.10%

6.81%

2016

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Figure 3

Pakistan -

Product Diversification of GSP+ Preferential Imports,

2016