Europaudvalget 2018
KOM (2018) 0296
Offentligt
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EUROPEAN
COMMISSION
Brussels, 17.5.2018
SWD(2018) 189 final
PART 1/3
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Accompanying the document
Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council
on the labelling of tyres with respect to fuel efficiency and other essential parameters
and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1222/2009
{COM(2018) 296 final} - {SEC(2018) 234 final} - {SWD(2018) 188 final}
EN
EN
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Table of Contents
1.
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 3
1.1. Context .............................................................................................................. 3
1.2. Legal framework ............................................................................................... 4
2.
PROBLEM DEFINITION .......................................................................................... 6
2.1. Problem 1: Low visibility and awareness of the tyre label ............................... 7
2.2. Problem 2: Compliance with the TLR............................................................... 8
2.3. Problem 3: Outdated, inaccurate and incomplete information on the
tyre label ............................................................................................................ 9
2.4. Who is affected by the problems? ................................................................... 10
3.
WHY SHOULD THE EU ACT? .............................................................................. 11
3.1. Legal basis ....................................................................................................... 11
3.2. Necessity of EU action? .................................................................................. 11
3.3. Added value of EU action?.............................................................................. 11
4.
OBJECTIVES: WHAT IS TO BE ACHIEVED? ..................................................... 12
4.1. General objectives ........................................................................................... 12
4.2. Specific objectives ........................................................................................... 13
5.
WHAT ARE THE AVAILABLE POLICY OPTIONS? .......................................... 14
5.1. What is the baseline from which options are assessed? .................................. 15
5.2. Description of the policy options .................................................................... 16
5.3. Options/measures discarded at an early stage ................................................. 27
6.
WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF THE POLICY OPTIONS? ................................. 30
6.1. Environmental impacts .................................................................................... 31
6.2. Social impacts .................................................................................................. 33
6.3. Economic impacts ........................................................................................... 35
6.4. Other impacts................................................................................................... 37
7.
8.
HOW DO THE OPTIONS COMPARE? .................................................................. 39
7.1. Summary of impacts and options comparison................................................. 39
PREFERRED OPTION ............................................................................................. 41
8.1. Description of the preferred policy option ...................................................... 41
8.2. REFIT (simplification and improved efficiency) ............................................ 43
9.
HOW WILL ACTUAL IMPACTS BE MONITORED AND
EVALUATED? ......................................................................................................... 47
2
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1.
Introduction
This impact assessment relates to the review of Regulation 1222/2009
1
on the labelling
of tyres (hereafter the “Tyre
Labelling Regulation”
or
TLR).
It examines how the
effectiveness of the European tyre labelling scheme could be improved to support
cleaner, safer and quieter vehicles and to maximise its contribution to the decarbonisation
of the transport sector.
1.1. Context
Lowering the demand for energy by
'putting energy efficiency first'
is one of the five
main objectives of the Energy Union strategy. In 2015, Member States in the Council
confirmed the imperative need to reach the 20% energy efficiency target for 2020. In
November 2016, the Commission proposed to further strengthen this beyond 2020 with a
30% EU energy efficiency target for 2030
2
.
In its Communication "A
European Strategy for Low-Emission Mobility”
3
the
Commission announced that by 2050 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transport
need to be at least 60% lower than in 1990 and be firmly on the path towards zero.
Therefore, the "Third
Mobility Package"
will include initiatives to
reduce emissions
by
cars and lorries, to
increase safety
of road transport and to
reduce pollution.
The EU
2030 framework for energy and climate includes a target of at least a 40% cut in
domestic EU greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels.
The transport sector accounts for one third of European energy consumption. Road
transport was responsible for about 22% of the EU’s total greenhouse gas emissions in
2015 with a steady increase since 1990 when the share was 13%. Reducing these
emissions is an acute challenge given that from 2010 to 2050 it is estimated that
passenger transport will grow by 42% and freight transport by 60%
4
. Increasing the fuel
efficiency of vehicles is thus a key element in decreasing transport emissions and also
contributes to reducing the EU’s dependence on energy imports.
The rolling resistance of tyres accounts for 5-10%
of a vehicle’s fuel consumption
5
.
Decreasing rolling resistance is therefore important for increasing fuel efficiency and
decreasing greenhouse gas emissions.
Furthermore, the Commission's Communication "A
European Strategy for Plastics in a
Circular Economy"
6
specifically mentions the need to study how to reduce unintentional
release of microplastics from tyres, possibly through tyre design, minimum requirements
for abrasion and information requirements.
1
Regulation (EC) No 1222/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November
2009 on the labelling of tyres with respect to fuel efficiency and other essential parameters, OJ L 342 of
22.12.2009, p.46
2
This target is currently under examination in the ordinary legislative procedure: there is no sign
that final agreement will be on a level of ambition lower than that proposed by the Commission.
3
COM(2016) 501 final
4
Impact Assessment accompanying the Proposal for a Directive amending Directive 1999/62/EC
on the charging of heavy goods vehicles for the use of certain infrastructures, COM(2017) 276 final,
https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2017/EN/COM-2017-276-F1-EN-MAIN-PART-1.PDF
5
Numbers are for highway driving, https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv.shtml. City driving
results in 3-5% rolling resistance loss.
6
COM(2018) 28 final
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Finally, the European Union is committed to reducing noise pollution to WHO
recommended levels. Given that at speeds over 35 km/h for passenger cars and 60km/h
for heavy vehicles, tyre road noise is the dominant noise source
7
, reducing noise from
tyres is essential to tackle its health effects.
1.2. Legal framework
Recognising the importance of energy efficient tyres, the EU adopted in 2009 two sets of
rules relating to tyres:
1. The TLR setting out Union requirements harmonising the information on tyre
parameters to be provided to end-users allowing them to make informed purchasing
choices.
2. The Regulation on type-approval requirements for the general safety of motor
vehicles
8
(hereafter the “General
Safety Regulation”
or
GSR)
putting in place
harmonised technical requirements that tyres must satisfy before they can be placed
on the Union market.
The GSR puts in place minimum requirements for, amongst others, (i) the rolling
resistance, (ii) external rolling noise and (iii) wet grip performance of tyres. These
minimum requirements became applicable for all three parameters from 1 November
2012, with a second tier of more stringent requirements for the rolling resistance starting
to apply on 1 November 2016 (with further requirements coming into application in 2018
and 2020).
In addition to the GSR, two other legal frameworks are particularly relevant to the TLR,
relating to market surveillance and energy labelling.
As with any other product placed on the Union market, the compliance of tyres with the
applicable requirements under the TLR must be checked by national market surveillance
authorities. Regulation 765/2008
9
sets the framework for market surveillance by all the
Member States and ensures efficient cross border market surveillance.
Although tyres are not covered under the energy labelling framework, it should be noted
that this framework was updated in 2017 with the adoption of Regulation 2017/1369
10
.
This introduced a number of new elements, such as a product registration database, and
new rules on visual advertising and on distance and internet sales Where appropriate
rules on tyre labelling should be aligned to this updated framework.
The TLR
11
relates to C1, C2 and C3 tyre types
12
, as defined in article 8 of the GSR. The
definition of tyre types is based on the vehicles they are primarily designed for, including
Conference of European Directors of Roads - pavements noise-reducing pavements Technical
Report 2017-01
8
Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009
concerning type-approval requirements for the general safety of motor vehicles, their trailers and systems,
components and separate technical units intended therefor, OJ L 200 of 31.7.2009, p.1
9
OJ L 218, 13.8.2008, p. 30–47. See Commission proposal COM(2017)795 for a Regulation laying
down rules and procedures for compliance with and enforcement of Union harmonisation legislation on
products which will replace Regulation 765/2008.
10
OJ L 198, 28.7.2017, p. 1–23
11
The Tyre Labelling Regulation was amended twice before it entered into application, first because
industry had developed a more a new testing method for the wet grip of C1 tyres, and then to reflect the
fact that a suitable international harmonised testing method of grip on wet roads had been developed also
for C2 and C3 tyres: Commission Regulation (EU) No 228/2011 of 7 March 2011 amending Regulation
7
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the weight and passenger capacity, and on the tyre load and speed indexes of the tyres, as
shown in the table below. C1 tyres are used typically for passenger cars, C2 tyres for
light commercial vehicles (LCVs) and C3 tyres for heavy commercial vehicles (HCVs).
Table 1: Definition of tyre types included in the TLR, based on the GSR
Tyre
type
C1
tyres
C2
tyres
C3
tyres
Designed
primarily for
vehicle categories
Seats in addition to
driver’s seat (based
on vehicle category)
≤8
≥8
≥8
Vehicle weight
(based on vehicle
category)
≤3.5 t
≥3.5 t
≥3.5 t
Load
capacity
index
Not
applicable
≤121
≤121
≥122
Speed
category
symbol
Not
applicable
≥N
≤M
none
In the current TLR, three tyre performance parameters are specified and included on the
label for C1 and C2 tyres: fuel efficiency, wet grip, and external rolling noise measured
value (in dB). For C3 tyres there is no label, but information on the three performance
parameters must be provided in technical promotional material.
Figure 1: Example of the tyre label for a tyre with fuel efficiency class B, wet grip class
B, and external rolling noise of 72 dB (equivalent to two “soundwaves” on the scale)
The three performance parameters are interrelated.
For example, improving rolling resistance can have
an adverse impact on wet grip, thereby decreasing
road safety. Similarly, the improvement of the wet
grip might have an adverse impact on the external
rolling noise, increasing noise pollution. This
“contradiction” doesn’t mean that the parameters
of fuel efficiency, wet grip and external rolling
noise cannot all be improved at the same time.
The TLR and the GSR on tyres can be seen as a
"parallel" to the EU's ecodesign and energy
labelling framework (which is not applicable to
means of transport). Ecodesign regulations set
minimum energy efficiency requirements that
products must satisfy before they can be sold on
the Union market, while energy labels inform the
end-user of their energy consumption so that they
can make informed purchasing decisions, resulting
in a combined "push and pull" effect.
(EC) No 1222/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the wet grip testing
method for C1 tyres and Commission Regulation (EU) No 1235/2011 of 29 November 2011 amending
Regulation (EC) No 1222/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the wet grip
grading of tyres, the measurement of rolling resistance and the verification procedure
12
C1, C2, C3 tyres are legal terms defined in the Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning type-approval requirements for the general
safety of motor vehicles, their trailers and systems, components and separate technical units intended
therefor (OJ L 200, 31.7.2009, p. 1). They refer to tyres designed primarily for passenger cars, light
commercial vehicles and heavy-duty vehicles
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This same "push and pull" effect can also be seen in the EU mobility framework, where
Regulations on emission performance standards set mandatory emission reduction targets
for new passenger cars
13
and new light commercial vehicles
14
, while the car labelling
Directive helps consumers to buy or lease cars which use less fuel (and thereby emit less
CO
2
) and encourages car manufacturers to reduce the fuel consumption of new cars
15
.
Article 14 of the TLR requires the Commission to assess its effectiveness, addressing
inter alia
the following issues:
–
The effectiveness of the label in terms of end-user awareness, in particular
whether the provisions of Article 4(1)(b) are as effective as those of Article
4(1)(a) in contributing to the objectives of this Regulation;
Whether the labelling scheme should be extended to include retreaded tyres;
Whether new tyre parameters, such as mileage, should be introduced;
The information on tyre parameters provided by vehicle manufacturers and
retailers to end-users.
–
–
–
To support this assessment, an independent review study was conducted in 2016
16
. The
study was based on surveys and interviews targeting different actors in the tyre supply
chain and market surveillance authorities with the aim to assess the effectiveness of the
labelling scheme, the level of enforcement and the possibilities to improve the regulation.
It included a consumer survey with 6051 car owners in six Member States
17
.
Furthermore, in accordance with Article 11(b) of the TLR, the review study analysed the
possibility of covering tyres designed to perform better in ice and snow conditions
compared to normal tyres. An open public consultation (see Annex 2 for the results) and
an evaluation (Annex 5) complemented the review study.
Based on the review study, the Commission published a Report to the European
Parliament and the Council assessing the need to review Regulation (EC) 1222/2009
18
.
This report concluded that certain aspects of the TLR could be strengthened or made
more effective. Despite the increased tyre performance already achieved with the current
Regulation, potential exists for further fuel savings as well as for increased road safety
and reduced noise emissions.
2.
Problem definition
Article 1 of the TLR provides that:
"The
aim of this Regulation is to increase the safety, and the economic and
environmental efficiency of road transport by promoting fuel-efficient and safe tyres with
low noise levels.
13
14
Regulation (EC) No 443/2009
Regulation (EU) No 510/2011
15
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/labelling_en
16
See https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/Study%20in%20support%20of%20the%
20Review%20of%20the%20Tyre%20Labelling%20Regulation_final.pdf
17
Sweden, Finland, UK, Germany, France and Italy
18
COM (2017) 658 final
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This Regulation establishes a framework for the provision of harmonised information on
tyre parameters through labelling, allowing end-users to make an informed choice when
purchasing tyres."
The review study showed that, in addition to the GSR, the TLR has delivered fuel
savings of about 1% annual fuel consumption resulting in 170 PJ/year (and in turn CO
2
emission reductions of 12 MtCO
2
/year), and increased tyre safety performance (around
260 fatalities avoided per year) and a slight decrease of the external rolling noise
19
.
However, it has become evident that it has not fully reached the above-stated aims. The
causes for the reduced effectiveness and efficiency of the label are both external and
linked to the label itself. On the one hand, the ‘external’ factors are the relatively low
awareness among end-users of the existence of the label and the inadequate enforcement
of the rules by Member States’ market surveillance authorities (MSAs).
On the other
hand, the factors intrinsic to the label are outdated performance classes, and inaccurate
and incomplete information.
In the absence of any action, the TLR might still be able to drive the market towards
more efficient, safe and quiet tyres. Nevertheless, further improvements would allow the
TLR to reach its aims in a more effective and efficient manner.
2.1.
Problem 1: Low visibility and awareness of the tyre label
The problem:
A consumer survey
20
showed that less than half of car owners were aware
that the tyre label existed. Moreover, the review study found that in some Member
States
21
, up to 90% of shops inspected by MSAs did not have tyres on display, as they
were all in stock elsewhere. This was confirmed by the open public consultation where
only 20% of respondents indicated they saw the label before purchasing tyres.
The result is that in many cases the customer is unable to see the label before buying the
tyres and that therefore the label cannot perform its key function, i.e. influencing
purchasing decisions.
The drivers of the problem:
The low awareness of the label is caused by several factors:
(1)
(2)
In brick and mortar shops
22
only about 20-30% of customers see the tyres before
purchasing them; therefore most customers also do not see the label in this setting.
It is not a requirement for a retailer to show the label in online shops or in other
distance selling environments. This is relevant since online sales of tyres are
increasing
23
.
Some end-users of tyres do not purchase their tyres directly, but instead through
leasing contracts or as part of a fleet solution, thus not seeing the tyres or the label
when purchasing.
End-users of C3 tyres are only provided with the information on the three
performance parameters but are not required to be provided with the label itself. As
(3)
(4)
19
20
See the evaluation section in Annex 5
Review study, including the results of the consumer survey covering six Member States and 6051
respondents.
21
Review study (interviews with MSAs)
22
Review study (consumer survey), OPC results in Annex 2
23
According to GfK, 10-15% of tyres are sold online. The consumer survey undertaken in 2016
found that 12% of C1 tyre end users had bought them on the Internet, with 56% planning to do so in the
future
7
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a result they are provided with less easily understandable and comparable
information.
(5)
For tyres sold with a new vehicle (OEM tyres
24
, which constitute 25% of tyre sales
in the EU
25
), the TLR includes a requirement to provide information on the fuel
efficiency, the wet grip and the external rolling noise classes only where end-users
are offered a choice at the point of sale between different tyres to be fitted on the
new vehicle they want to buy. However, in many situations end-users are not
offered such a choice. In these cases, there is no obligation for the vehicle
manufacturers and retailers to provide information on the key parameters of the
label. This constitutes a missed opportunity for end-users to be made aware of the
tyre label and to benefit from the information contained in it when purchasing
tyres.
2.2.
Problem 2: Compliance with the TLR
The problem:
Preliminary results of the MSTyr15 project on market surveillance for
tyres, involving surveillance authorities from 14 Member States and Turkey
26
, show that
4.2% of labels inspected were non-compliant, not visible or not available and that 15% of
tyres tested for wet grip and rolling resistance were non-compliant. The 2016 Review
study surveyed 14 market surveillance authorities (11 Member States and 3 from the
German regions). Compliance levels varied from 25% to 100% but the numbers of
inspections and tests undertaken varied greatly. Of those interviewed, only two Member
States’ authorities (Germany and Belgium) performed laboratory tests to check the values
declared on the labels.
75% of those questioned in the consumer survey for the review study said that if their
confidence in the label were higher, it would have a greater influence on their purchasing
decisions.
This level of non-compliance
is comparable to that found in the Commission’s
Evaluation of the Energy Labelling Directive
27
, which estimated that 10-25% of products
on the market are non-compliant with applicable requirements and that around 10% of
envisaged energy savings are lost due to non-compliance
28
.
The drivers of the problem:
Compliance with the TLR has four main drivers:
(1)
The degree of, and approach to, market surveillance varies greatly between
Member States, with very few MSAs conducting laboratory tests to verify the label
values
29
;
Limited resources and low priority for market surveillance for tyres;
(2)
OEM tyres: Original Equipment Manufacturer tyres or tyres sold with new vehicles
Braungardt et al. (2014), “Impact of Ecodesign and Energy/Tyre Labelling on R&D and
Technology Innovation”, Link:
http://www.ecofys.com/files/files/fraunhofer-ecofys-2014-impact-of-
ecodesign-energy-labelling-on-innovation.pdf
26
BE, BG, DE, EE, ES, FI, HR, IE, LT, LU, LV, PL, RO, SE, TU. For more information, see
http://www.mstyr15.eu/index.php/en/
27
SWD(2015) 143 final
28
Ecofys, Evaluation of the Energy Labelling Directive and specific aspects of the Ecodesign
Directive, June 2014
29
The review study identified that among the MSAs of Belgium, Finland, Germany (3 Regions),
Estonia, Malta, Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, only Germany and
Belgium performed laboratory tests to verify the label values
25
24
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(3)
(4)
High cost and too few accredited test facilities are the main barriers for increased
laboratory testing of tyres, according to MSAs;
Some MSAs
30
had difficulty obtaining technical documentation in situations where
the manufacturer was located in another Member State or outside the European
Union.
2.3.
Problem 3: Outdated, inaccurate and incomplete information on the tyre label
The problem:
The set-up of the label itself suffers from three distinct flaws:
a)
Outdated performance classes: The current minimum requirements of the GSR
mean that it is no longer possible to sell the lowest performing tyres on the Union
market. As a result, classes G and F (and E for C3 tyres) for rolling resistance, class
F for wet grip and the third soundwave class for noise are now empty because tyres
with corresponding performances are no longer allowed on the EU market.
Additionally, the current label scheme for C1 and C2 tyres has no D class for
rolling resistance and wet grip. At the other end of the scale, the top classes were
already populated in 2017. This was only at the level of 1% of the tyres made
available on the market for the rolling resistance, but up to 26% for the wet grip
and up to 18% for noise (of C1 tyres). Based on experience of energy labelling for
other product groups it may be expected that the top classes of the tyre label will
become increasingly populated over the next years. This would reduce the
effectiveness of the label.
Inaccurate information: tyre tests conducted by some MSAs and consumer
organisations showed deviating results compared to the declared label values for all
three performance parameters, but in particular for wet grip
31
.
Incomplete information: The tyre label only covers fuel efficiency, wet grip and
external rolling noise in ‘normal’ conditions. There is no information
on the
performance of tyres in snow and ice conditions, which is particularly relevant in
the Nordic countries and in mountainous areas. This is potentially misleading for
end-users, as tyres with very good level of performance under ice conditions tend
to have in general low wet grip rates
32
. Retreaded tyres
33
and studded tyres
34
are not
covered by the label. The label also does not cover abrasion and mileage, although
this information could raise end-users' awareness in the context of the circular
economy and plastics strategies.
b)
c)
The drivers of the problem:
(1)
Outdated performance classes: the outdated performance classes are mainly caused
by the banning of tyres with lower performance through the GSR, and to a lesser
extent by the expected increased population of the top classes on the label.
30
31
Sweden and German Regional MSAs
See Review study
32
The market share of these tyres at EU level is at the level of 30% of the annual C1 tyres sales for
snow tyres and around 1% for ice tyres according to the review study.
33
See Review study. Tyre retreading is a process used to extend the life of used tyres, in particular
for C3 tyres. The market share of retreaded C3 tyres is around 30-40 % in Europe, which corresponds to
around 5 million tyres.
34
See Review study. Studded tyres are used primarily in the Finland, Sweden and Norway, where
their average market share is 25 % of the C1 tyre market, and more than 50 % of car owners in Sweden and
Finland have studded tyres for their car. At EU level, the estimated market share is around 0.25% of the
annual sales according to the review study.
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Therefore, the available scale is not fully used, reducing the impact of the label to
incentivise purchasing of better performing tyres thereby making it less effective.
(2)
Inaccurate information: the deviating test results are attributed by MSAs
35
to
different test conditions, incorrect application of the test methods referred to in the
TLR and a lack of transparency of testing conditions. The problem is most
pronounced for the wet grip parameter. In addition, it is solely the responsibility of
the manufacturers
36
to declare the classes on the label.
Incomplete information: the incompleteness of the label stems from the TLR itself
which is silent on snow and ice indications, on retreaded or studded tyres and on
mileage and abrasion. For these two last parameters, the problem relates to the lack
of reliable, reproducible and accurate testing procedures.
2.4.
Who is affected by the problems?
(3)
Society
as a whole is affected through the increased environmental impact associated
with energy consumption, increased fuel costs to end-users and businesses, and negative
health and safety impacts. An estimate
37
of using only tyres in the top fuel efficiency
class in the EU shows potential reductions in CO
2
emissions of 47 Mt per year
(corresponding to fuel savings of EUR 11 billion), which is equal to nearly 5% of the
total CO
2
emissions from road transport in the EU. It could reduce fuel consumption by
up to 5%, corresponding to EUR 250 over the lifetime of a set of passenger cars tyres
38
.
In addition, tyre wear particles generated from the friction between the tyre and the road
are released to the environment as particles of different sizes and in different amounts.
Smaller particles contribute to particulate air pollution and larger particles deposit on the
road and run-off into streams and accumulate in the oceans, often referred to as
microplastics. According to the Commission's Communication "A
European Strategy for
Plastics in a Circular Economy"
39
, it is estimated that between
75 000 and 300 000
tonnes of microplastics
in total are released into the environment each year in the EU, of
which around three quarters come from tyres
40
.
End-users, manufacturers and retailers
are also negatively impacted by a reduced
efficiency of the TLR. For instance, the review study pointed out that the disparate
enforcement of the label negatively affects end-users’
confidence in the information on
the label, and has given retailers the impression that tyre labelling has a low priority with
surveillance authorities. This undermines the effectiveness of the label and constitutes a
barrier to innovation
and market transformation. It also prevents a level playing field
by putting at disadvantage manufacturers and retailers who comply with the TLR
requirements compared to those who do not.
Furthermore, considering the whole lifecycle of the tyre, choosing tyres with low fuel
efficiency can potentially be costlier to end-users and businesses, due to higher fuel
35
36
Based on interviews undertaken during the review study
“Manufacturers” also includes importers and authorised representatives.
37
Review study, page 13
38
See tyres labelling calculator: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-
efficient-products/tyres
39
COM(2018) 28 final, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/pdf/plastics-strategy.pdf
40
Source: Eunomia, http://www.eumicroplastics.com/
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consumption in the use phase. An estimate of using only fuel efficiency class A tyres in
the EU shows an annual fuel savings potential of close to 8,5 billion litres
41
.
3.
Why should the EU act?
3.1.
Legal basis
The legal basis for the legislative proposal is Articles 114 and 194(2) of the Treaty on the
Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) on the internal market and energy efficiency
respectively.
3.2.
Necessity of EU action?
Action at EU level provides end-users with the same, harmonised information, no matter
in which Member State they choose to purchase their tyres. This is becoming all the more
relevant as the online trade increases. With a tyre labelling scheme at EU level, energy
efficient and safe tyres that reduce noise pollution are promoted in all Member States,
creating a larger market for such tyres and hence greater incentives for the tyre industry
to develop them.
It is essential to ensure a level playing field for manufacturers and retailers as regards the
information supplied to customers for tyres for sale across the EU internal market. For
this reason EU-wide legally binding rules are necessary.
Market surveillance is an activity carried out by Member States' authorities. To be
effective, the market surveillance effort must be uniform across the European Union,
thereby supporting the internal market and incentivising businesses to invest resources in
designing, making and selling energy and fuel-efficient tyres.
3.3. Added value of EU action?
A harmonised regulatory framework at EU level provides added value compared to
having regulations at Member State level, because it reduces costs for manufacturers by
allowing them to enter the entire EU market with only one label. This strengthens
competitiveness EU-wide and facilitates easier inter-European trade of tyres, which also
benefits end-users in terms of lower prices and a wider range of products.
Fully achieving a level playing field and avoiding fragmentation of the internal market,
requires maintaining and improving the harmonised labelling scheme at EU level.
Increased market take-up of fuel-efficient tyres, through optimisation of the TLR, will
contribute to achieving the targets agreed under the EU 2030 framework for energy and
climate including the energy efficiency target
42
and the reduction of at least 40% in
domestic reduction in GHG emissions compared to 1990
43
.
The energy cost savings will accrue to end-users and offset the increased purchase price
of higher performing tyres, leading to an overall decrease in Total Cost of Ownership
41
42
Based on calculation models developed by consultants from Viegand Maagøe
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union/2030-energy-strategy
43
COM/2015/080 final. Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament, The
Council, The European Economic And Social Committee, The Committee Of The Regions And The
European Investment Bank - A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking
Climate Change Policy
11
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(TCO) for the end-user
44
. For society as a whole the TLR provides added value in terms
of safer tyres (better wet grip), through the related decrease in the number of fatalities
and severe injuries in traffic accidents.
Promotion of market transformation towards fuel efficient and safe tyres is in line with
the EU’s aim of land transport policy, which is to promote efficient, safe and
environmentally friendly mobility. Extending the labelling provisions to C3 tyres is in
line with the Commission’s
proposal for a Regulation on the monitoring and reporting of
CO
2
emissions from and fuel consumption of new heavy-duty vehicles
45
.
The TLR also supports the implementation of the Energy Efficiency Directive, which
requires Member State to ensure that central governments only purchase tyres (and other
energy-related products) with a high energy performance (i.e. in the highest fuel
efficiency class) insofar as it is consistent with cost effectiveness, economic feasibility,
wider sustainability technical suitability as well as sufficient competition.
The proposed changes to tyre labelling will also play an important part in the objective of
“empowering consumers” formulated in the EU Consumer Policy Strategy 2007-2013
46
,
“Consumer empowerment in the EU”
47
and
a “New Deal for Consumers”
48
, since it will
enable consumers to make an informed and better choice when buying tyres. Finally, the
General Product Safety Directive 2001/95/EC
49
, and in particular the Rapid Alert System
on dangerous products (RAPEX), may be relevant since inadequate or erroneous tyre
labelling could lead to a safety risk for consumers and could be notified in RAPEX.
4.
Objectives: What is to be achieved?
4.1.
General objectives
A revised TLR should pursue the following general objectives:
1)
2)
Promote
fuel efficiency
to contribute to the EU's objective to reduce energy
consumption by at least 30% and domestic GHG emissions by 40% by 2030;
Increase
road safety
to contribute to the target of halving the number of road
deaths between 2010 and 2020, endorsed by the Council of the European Union in
2010
50
and reconfirmed by European Transport ministers in a meeting in Valletta
on 29 March 2017
51
;
Decrease
external rolling noise
to reach the target in the 7
th
Environmental Action
Programme
52
of the European Union to significantly decrease noise pollution and
move closer to the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended levels
53
;
Promote
competitiveness
of the EU tyre industry by ensuring free circulation of
compliant tyres and encourage innovation within the internal market.
3)
4)
44
45
See the evaluation of the existing Tyre Label Regulation in Annex 5.
COM(2017) 279 final
46
COM(2007) 99)
47
SEC (2011) 469 final)
48
COM(2018) 183/3
49
OJ L011, 15/01/2002, p.4
50
Council conclusions on road safety, 2 December 2010, paragraph 21, ST 16951/10
51
https://www.eu2017.mt/en/Documents/Valletta_Declaration_on_Improving_Road_Safety.pdf
52
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/action-programme/
53
http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/noise/activities/development-
of-who-environmental-noise-guidelines-for-the-european-region
12
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There are synergies between these objectives. Reducing fuel consumption (e.g. by
reducing rolling resistance of tyres) leads to lower CO
2
and other pollutants emissions.
Tackling the problem at EU single market level safeguards and enhances the efficiency
and effectiveness of the current EU measure while ensuring the free circulation of
products within the internal market.
4.2. Specific objectives
The specific (sub) objectives that flow from the above-mentioned general objectives are:
1)
Raising the profile of the tyre label by
inter alia
(i) making sure that tyre label is
shown at all times when tyres are sold; (ii) completing the tyre label to include
snow and ice tyres; and (iii) aligning, where appropriate, with the energy labelling
framework.
Improving end-user’s
trust in the tyre label by
inter alia
(i) ensuring that the tyre
label is adequately enforced; and (ii) improving test standards.
2)
The TLR can contribute to achieving the general and specific objectives mentioned
above to a larger extent than it currently does (see Annex 5 on evaluation), by addressing
the problems defined in Section 2.
The table below provides an overview of the relation between problems, drivers and
possible measures. Section 5.2 explains the different measures in more detail.
13
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Table 2: Overview of the relation between problems, drivers and measures
5.
What are the available policy options?
The procedure for identifying policy options (POs) follows from the Better Regulation
Toolbox methodology
54
. Specific measures in the POs are the result of a combination of
initiatives mentioned in the Review study, the evaluation in Annex 5, the open public
54
https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/file_import/better-regulation-toolbox-17_en_0.pdf
14
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consultation in Annex 2, the Inception Impact Assessment
55
, and inspiration taken from
the Ecodesign Directive
56
and the Energy Labelling Framework Regulation
57
.
The measures have been linked to the policy options in the next table.
Table 3: Modelled options
Policy
Description
options and
sub-options
PO1 (BaU)
Baseline
–
Business as Usual. How the market would develop without
changing the current regulation
PO2
Non-regulatory measures
1.
2.
3.
Information campaigns
Joint enforcement actions
Mandate to revise/develop relevant testing methods (e.g. abrasion)
Online labelling
Mandatory labelling of tyres delivered with vehicles at all times
Require label to be provided for C3 tyres
Require label to be provided to end-users in case of purchase through leasing
contracts or as part of a fleet solution
Mandatory inclusion of snow performance on the label
Mandatory inclusion of ice performance on label
Re-adjustment of the label classes
Tyre registration database
Technical documentation and product fiche content
Amendment of current Annex V on test method for wet grip of C1 tyres
Amendment of current Annex IVa on laboratory alignment procedure for the
measurement of Rolling Resistance Coefficient (RRC)
Extension of the type approval process to include label declaration
PO3
Targeted legislative actions
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
PO3B
PO3C
PO3|D
PO3E
PO3F
PO4
PO4B
PO4C
PO4D
PO4E
PO4F
As policy option 3, but without re-adjustment the label classes
As policy option 3, but without the extension of the type approval procedure
to the declaration of the label values
As policy option 3, but without online labelling
As policy option 3, but without the tyre registration database
As policy option 3, but without the effect of further OEM requirement
Policy option 2 + option 3. Non-legislative measures and targeted legislative
actions are all applied
As policy option 4, but without re-adjustment the label classes
As policy option 4, but without the extension of the type approval procedure
to the declaration of the label values
As policy option 4, but without online labelling
As policy option 4, but without the tyre registration database
As policy option 4, but without the effect of further OEM requirement
Section 5.2 describes the specific measures in each option in more detail.
5.1. What is the baseline from which options are assessed?
In the baseline, the current TLR and all other relevant EU-level and national policies and
measures are assumed to continue, including the GSR. This baseline will be referred to as
BAU
58
(Business As usual) or ‘no-action’ scenario.
55
56
57
https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/initiatives/ares-2017-3509962_en
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009L0125&locale=en
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/1369/oj
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The base cases include the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) tyres sold with new
vehicles for each tyre type.
So far, tyre labelling has been able to transform the market in a positive direction for all
the performance parameters included in the label, even though the effect on the noise
level is less clear (see the Evaluation report in Annex 5). There is still room for the label
to drive the market because the market share of tyres with the best fuel efficiency class A
is still low (less than 1% of the tyres sold), but due to the problems described in Section
2, the full potential is not reached in the baseline scenario.
5.2. Description of the policy options
5.2.1.
Option 1
–
No action
PO1 (as described above) forms the baseline for the impact assessment of the other
options.
5.2.2.
Option 2
–
Non-regulatory measures
PO2 is based on the outcome of the review study, which shows a need to improve end-
users' knowledge of the label. Indeed, the consumer survey showed that only around half
of the respondents were aware of the label before taking the survey.
5.2.3.
Option 3
–
Targeted legislative measures
Article 11 of the TLR empowers the Commission to adopt implementing acts to amend
and adapt the TLR to technical progress. The scope of the article could be expanded to
changes to the label itself. Therefore, inclusion of the snow, ice, mileage and abrasion
performance, and re-adjustment of the label classes would be achieved
via
delegated acts.
Delegated acts are the appropriate instrument as Article 11 refers to amending non-
essential elements and supplementing the Regulation, which is what delegated acts under
Article 290 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union are designed for.
The majority of the targeted legislative actions would take the form of amendments to the
current TLR and/or its annexes, as a part of the current revision. A further amendment
that should be considered is reinforcing the requirements of the TLR on penalties and
enforcement.
5.2.4.
Option 4
–
Non-regulatory measures and targeted legislative
measures
Details of the measure under Options 2 and 3 are set out below.
Option 2 - Non-regulatory measures (see above 5.2.2.)
1. Information campaigns
Target groups.
In their replies to the consultation carried out for the review study, tyre
manufacturers, retailers and consumer organisations recommended organising promotion
campaigns to increase end-users’
knowledge of the label and explain its meaning. The
58
As opposed to BAU0, which refers to the baseline without any regulation in place, i..e before the
current regulation.
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target groups should be end-users in the C1, C2 and C3 tyre segments. However,
awareness campaigns targeting end-users of C1 tyres are considered the most important
because they constitute the largest share of tyre sales. Moreover, information campaigns
should target tyre retailers, with efforts focused on (but not limited to) the development
of educational tools such as brochures, short videos, webinars, etc. Guidance could be
developed in cooperation between Member States and retail organisations and be
supported by the European Commission. Tools for retailers could partly build on
information material developed for end-users, providing them with a basis to inform end-
users about the label parameters.
Geographic scope and initiators.
The awareness campaigns should be run at national
level by Member State authorities, at EU level by the Commission, or both. It would be
an advantage to include tyre manufacturers and retailers in the campaigns to reach end-
users more effectively. Some Member States have already facilitated awareness
campaigns about the tyre label or plan to do so. Experiences and recommendations from
these campaigns should be taken into account.
Media scope.
The activities could be carried out through several different media such as
television, posters in the public space, internet banners, social media campaigns, etc.
They could be undertaken either at national and/or EU level and include stakeholders
such as Member States, consumer organisations, manufacturers and retailers.
Awareness campaigns could include a reference to the fuel savings calculator on the
Commission’s website
59
that allows end-users to calculate their potential fuel savings
from tyres. In addition, the Commission could support activities with regard to
cooperation and exchange of best practices, including recommending common key
messages.
53% of respondents to the OPC thought that awareness raising campaigns by Member
States or business would be useful to increase consumer knowledge of the tyre labelling
scheme.
2. Joint enforcement actions
The aim of joint enforcement action is to foster cooperation as well as exchange of
information and experiences between MSAs to extend and improve market surveillance
and enforcement of the tyre labelling in the EU. This measure is intended to alleviate the
problems mentioned by MSAs that the test costs are high that there are too few test
facilities.
The activities envisaged under this measure would be the following:
60
–
Enhance EU level cooperation
–
share plans and results between MSAs, and adapt
results among individual countries;
–
ADCO group
61
–
encourage MSAs to participate in the ADCO for labelling of tyres.
The group discuss market surveillance issues for tyres with the aim to ensure efficient,
comprehensive and consistent market surveillance;
Tyres Labelling Calculator: Savings are based on the energy efficiency performance of the tyre
and on the number of kilometres that the set of tyres can run.
60
Recommendations
partly taken from the “Evaluation of the Energy Labelling Directive and
specific aspects of the Ecodesign Directive (http://www.energylabelevaluation.eu/eu/home/welcome)
59
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–
ICSMS
62
–
encourage MSAs to publish results of market surveillance activities in the
ICSMS database on a regularly basis (the database includes very few data on tyres);
–
Pan-European project to increase the level of market surveillance and investigate
enforcement challenges for tyres (for instance uncertainties of test results);
–
An increased role of the European Commission in market surveillance including
supporting the options mentioned above.
An example of a joint surveillance action is the Market Surveillance Action for Tyres
2015 (MSTyr15)
63
project. The main objective of the project is to help deliver the
intended economic and environment benefits of labelling C1 tyres. This will be achieved
by improving the effectiveness of market surveillance authorities through capacity-
building, training and the development and use of good practice guidelines. Future
projects could include more MSAs, and the extension of inspections and testing to C2
and C3 tyres.
3. Mandate to revise/develop testing methods (e.g. for abrasion)
Based on statements from MSAs and industry representatives, the review study found
that the test methods for the current label parameters contain a number of uncertainties,
especially for the wet grip test. Furthermore, the test method for rolling resistance is
based on laboratory measurement rather than real-life driving. Moreover, test methods
for parameters not currently on the label are missing, for example for mileage and
abrasion. To improve the effectiveness of the TLR it is suggested to upgrade the test
methods to be more reliable, accurate and reproducible. In addition, the test methods
should preferably be closer to “real world” use of tyres. The latter would be a
prerequisite for developing test methods related to e.g. mileage and abrasion.
The benefits of such new test methods are to obtain more reliable test results, and the
possibility of including new performance parameters on the label. The drawbacks are that
real-life testing might increase test costs compared to laboratory tests.
Against this background, the Commission will prepare a standardisation request to
initiate development and revision of the relevant standards.
Option 3 - Targeted legislative measures (see above 5.2.3.)
4. Online labelling
This measure includes an obligation on manufacturers and retailers to show the label
when tyres are offered for sale online. A similar obligation has been implemented for
energy-related products covered by an implementing measure under the Energy
Labelling Framework Regulation.
This measure is becoming more and more important because tyre purchases on the
internet are increasing. It is expected that online tyre retail will grow to around 24% of
61
Administrative Cooperation Groups. Informal groups of market surveillance authorities with the
aim to facilitate European cooperation
62
ICSMS: the internet-supported Information and Communication System for the pan-European
Market Surveillance. For more information, see https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/icsms/
63
http://www.mstyr15.eu/index.php/en/
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total sales in Europe by 2023
64
. In addition, an increasingly large share of consumers
uses the internet in advance to inform their choice before buying a product in a retail
outlet. This development is only expected to increase or even accelerate along with
mobile internet device market penetration.
Online labelling for tyres could follow the key principles set out in Regulation (EU)
518/2014 regarding labelling of energy-related products on the internet. This regulation
requires that:
-
The label corresponding to the advertised product must be clearly displayed in
proximity to the price of the product, or;
If the energy label is not shown, the energy class must be displayed
65
, and should
itself be a link to the corresponding energy label.
-
The design of the arrow and whether the arrow should indicate the fuel efficiency class
alone or both the fuel efficiency class and the wet grip class should be investigated
further.
34% of OPC respondents thought the tyre label should be shown when tyres are sold
online. 56% of those replying to the consumer survey for the review study said that they
expected to buy tyres on the internet in the future.
5. Mandatory labelling of tyres delivered with vehicles at all times
This measure is an extension of the current requirement to provide the label information
when tyres are sold with new vehicles (OEM tyres).
Results of the review study show that only 31% of the buyers of new vehicles were
offered a choice between different tyre, and only 18% were given the required
information. This means
a contrario
that about 82% is not informed about the
performance of the tyres on their new car.
76% of OPC respondents though the label should be provided with all tyre sales.
6. Require the label to be provided for C3 tyres
This measure is an extension of the current requirement to provide the label as such to
end-users of C3 tyres. The 2008 Impact Assessment for the TLR
66
discussed whether the
fuel efficiency, rolling resistance and noise parameters should apply to C3 tyres. It was
argued by some stakeholders that there was no need for rolling resistance labelling of C3
tyres because they are sold to professionals who already have all the information
necessary for their purchasing decision and therefore a labelling scheme would not bring
any added value. This was objected to by road transport companies themselves, including
their European federation, the International Road Transport Union. Furthermore,
experience with other product groups (such as professional refrigeration and lighting) has
shown that the comparative value and green-to-red scale of the label also have a positive
impact in a B-to-B setting.
https://ww2.frost.com/frost-perspectives/e-retailing-tires-projected-gain-strength-na-and-eu-tire-
aftermarket/
65
See for example: https://europa.eu/youreurope/business/_static/images/uploads/nestedarrow.jpg
66
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/HIS/?uri=CELEX:32009R1222&qid=1520493804540
64
19
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Although C3 tyres account for only 5% of tyre sales in the EU, they consume more fuel
and cover more kilometres annually than C1 tyres so the potential for fuel savings in
absolute term will be higher in this market (estimated already in the 2008 IA as EUR 800
savings per year; equivalent to EUR 870 in 2017).
In 2008, the conclusion regarding the labelling scheme for C3 tyres was to make the
grading available only in catalogues, websites and advertising tools as this market is
addressed to professionals and it was considered sufficient to make the information
available for end-users without further communication tools. In the context of this impact
assessment it is appropriate to revisit that conclusion.
7. Require the label to be provided to end-users in case of purchase through leasing
contracts or as part of a fleet solution
In leasing and fleet solutions, end-users driving the vehicle and/or paying for the fuel are
usually not responsible for purchasing the tyres, but rather lease the vehicles including a
pre-defined set of tyres. In order for end-users to know the impacts of using tyres with
different performance levels, the lessor should be responsible for providing the lessee
with the relevant tyre label information and the label itself in the same way that a tyre
retailer is responsible for providing the information.
8. Mandatory inclusion of snow performance on the label
In the tyre labelling scheme, the wet grip index is used as a measure for safety. However,
this risks misleading end-users purchasing tyres for winter conditions in two ways. First,
they may believe that a tyre with very good wet grip will have a good grip on snow,
which is not necessarily the case due to the varying conditions such as temperature and
surface roughness, which make the tyres perform differently on each type of road
surface. Second, and conversely, tyres designed to perform better on snow and ice often
have a poorer wet grip than standard summer tyres
67
.
The inclusion of snow and ice performance in the labelling scheme would address a
safety concern and would provide more complete information to end-users, which could
ultimately lead to increased label confidence, especially in Nordic regions.
This measure concerns inclusion of an icon on the label showing that the tyre has suitable
performance in severe snow conditions. The proposed icon is the 3-PMSF (3 Peak
Mountain Snow Flake) logo or 'Alpine symbol', which is applicable for all tyre types
(C1, C2 and C3). The threshold performance that is required of the tyre in order to use
the 3-PMSF logo is defined in UNECE Regulation 117
68
, implemented in the EU through
the GSR
69
.
'Summer tyre' does not correspond to a legal definition of a specific product. It refers to a normal
tyre to be used preferably under non-severe wintry weather conditions. For information, there are 'all-
season tyres', which also does not correspond to any legal definition and which are tyres that can be used
both under summer and winter conditions according to manufacturer declaration. They are generally
marked 'M+S' but do not necessarily respond to an approved 3-PMSF (3 Peak Mountain Snow Flake)
certification as the legally defined 'severe snow tyre'. All these different terms of tyres ('summer' and 'all-
season') correspond to manufacturer declaration, not based on further requirements or tyre performance
tests.
68.
Addendum 116:
Regulation No. 117, ” Uniform provisions concerning the approval of tyres with
regard to rolling sound emissions and/or to adhesion on wet surfaces and/or to rolling resistance”, United
Nations, February 2014.
69
See the pictogram in OJ L 307, 23.11.2011, p. 3.
67
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Figure 2: The 3-PMSF logo
Source: UNECE Regulation 117
There is a general agreement among stakeholders that were consulted for the review
study, including C1 end-users, industry and consumer organisations, that good snow and
ice grip performance should be indicated by pictograms on the tyre label to increase road
safety and help end-users choose the best tyre. 59% of those questioned in the consumer
survey for the review study said that it was very important to include information on
snow and ice performance.
Using pictograms ensures language neutrality of the label similar to labels implemented
under the Energy Labelling Framework Regulation.
9. Mandatory inclusion of ice performance on the label
This measure is very much in line with the measure on snow performance, but concerns
the inclusion of a logo showing that the tyre has suitable performance on ice. Tyres with
a good performance on ice are also referred to as “Nordic winter tyres”. These tyres often
have the lowest wet grip values on the label as ice grip and wet grip are negatively
correlated, and end-users consulting the wet grip scale for assessing the tyre safety will
therefore be misled by this information.
Ice performance should be implemented in the same way as the snow performance, by
adding a logo on the label if the tyre lives up to a certain performance (brake or handling)
on ice. An ISO standard is under development and it is expected that the standard will be
ready between end of 2018 and beginning of 2019.
The expected ISO standard, in combination with a threshold value and a corresponding
pictogram, seems to be a useful solution. If a redesign of the label is decided, a consumer
survey should be considered to assess the effect of having
both
the snow and the ice logo
on the label, as opposed to allowing tyre manufactures to only show
one
of them.
43% of respondents to the OPC thought that it should be mandatory to show information
ice and/or snow performance on the tyre label, while 27% thought this should be
included, but that it should be voluntary.
10. Re-adjustment of the label classes
This measure concerns re-adjusting the label to deal with the outdated performance
classes while maintaining the label’s potential to drive the market
towards better
performing tyres. The current label is no longer accurate because of the GSR banning
bottom classes and the fact that for wet grip, the label has an empty class in the middle of
the A-G range.
This measure does not involve a full “rescaling” of the label as envisaged under the
Energy Labelling Framework Regulation for products where the top class was
overpopulated and A+, A++ and A+++ classes were added. It would be similar to the
21
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situation where a more stringent tier of requirements is introduced after a certain date in
current product specific energy labelling regulations. When this happens, manufacturers
have to accompany the product with the new label. There is no requirement to change the
labels on products that were placed on the market prior to the change, and they are
eventually all sold in the normal way.
The re-adjustment
is an aspect of “future proofing” the label and would take into account
the speed of the technological progress. The re-adjusted label could leave the top class
empty to encourage innovation and technological progress, provide for regulatory
stability and limit the need for future of re-adjustment.
In the review study, it was concluded that the level of technological development
compared to the label classes, and the rate at which tyres with both an A-class for rolling
resistance and wet grip are developed, does not justify a full rescaling of the label.
However, the label is no longer accurate because of the GSR banning bottom classes and
the fact that for wet grip, the current label has an empty class in the middle of the A-G
range, and this would justify a re-adjustment of the classes.
For the current assessment, newest data was obtained from the German tyre database
TOL
70
and supplemented by extrapolated sales weighted data from GfK for 5 Member
States
71
. The updated data show the same results as the 2016 Review Study: the market
share of tyres rated “A” in both RRC (rolling resistance coefficient) and wet grip is still
less than 1% and the main constraint is the RRC. This result fits with the statement from
the tyre industry that the focus is on developing tyres with better wet grip while
maintaining or improving RRC
when possible,
as the two parameters are to some extent
negatively correlated. It is also in line with the consumer survey where C1 end-users
showed a higher focus on safety.
However, the new data shows that for the wet grip of C1 tyres, the top class is already
populated at the level of 26% of the tyres made available on the market. For the three
classes on external noise, the bottom class has been banned and the top class is already
populated at the level of 18%. Also, for the noise there are only 2 classes, which may be
too little to drive the market towards better performing tyres.
The three possible options for re-adjustment are the following:
1. Bespoke 4 classes scale so that empty classes are no longer shown;
2. Keep the current scale(s) but have some classes empty (greyed-out) to reflect
regulatory requirements which mean that there are no tyres in those classes;
3. Redefine the boundaries between the current A-G classes to make them more
accurate.
11. Tyre registration database
This measure concerns the establishment of a digital registration database for tyres on the
EU market and a requirement for manufacturers to enter information in the database that
is intended to provide relevant information to end-users, retailers, manufacturers and
MSAs, and will also be a useful tool for retailers when providing the tyre label
information to end-users.
70 Tyres online and Energy GmbH, database extractions from year 2012-2015, Hämmerling Group,
Germany. Dataset covering 2012-2015 with 30,000 tyres total.
71
Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy and Spain
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This measure assumes the tyre label database could become part of the product database
that will be set up according to the Energy Labelling Framework Regulation. That
database will consist of a public (open) part and a compliance part (for MSAs), which
will be accessible via an online portal. Including tyres in the database would possibly
require a legislative amendment to the Energy Labelling Framework Regulation.
The responsibility of the tyre manufacturer would be to register all new types and enter
pre-defined information in the database before placing the tyre on the market. The
information would include details about the manufacturer and the product, for instance
manufacturers name and trademark, model identifier, performance classes and other
parameters on the label, the label in electronic format and the technical documentation.
As tyre manufacturers are already obliged to assemble all the required documents and
information (including providing the label) and make the technical documentation
available to MSAs on request, the additional costs for uploading this information in a
database would be limited. The additional costs could be offset by the fact that
manufacturers do not need to handle requests from the authorities because they would
have easy access to the information in the database.
The burden for MSAs to obtain the documentation would be reduced. As the
Commission is already obliged to set up the database for energy-related products, the
extra costs for inclusion of tyres would be marginal. In the Impact Assessment
accompanying the Energy Labelling Framework Regulation it is estimated that this
option could increase compliance by 6% and thus reduce losses from non-compliance by
3%.
70% of OPC respondents supported a registration database and 30% of those questioned
in the consumer study specifically mentioned this as an element that would improve their
confidence in the tyre labelling scheme.
12. Technical documentation and product information sheet
This measure concerns inclusion of (i) a new annex in the TLR detailing the content of
the new technical documentation that tyre manufacturers must make available to MSAs
and (ii) an annex detailing the content of the product information sheet with relevant
information for end-users.
Under the current TLR, technical documentation must be sufficiently detailed to allow
authorities to verify the accuracy of information provided on the label with regard to fuel
efficiency, wet grip and external rolling noise
72
. This measure would extend this
requirement by including specific parameters and the order in which they should appear
in the technical documentation. Furthermore, the product information sheet would mirror
the current Annex III “Information provided in technical promotional material”.
This will make it easier for manufacturers to ensure that they provide sufficient
documentation and for market surveillance authorities to evaluate the received
documentation.
13. Amendment of the current Annex V on test method for wet grip of C1 tyres
72
Article 4 point 4 of the TLR.
23
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In the current TLR, the wet grip index for C1 tyres must be measured according to
several ASTM standards. It is proposed to change the wet grip measurement method in
the TLR to ISO 23671:2015 Passenger car tyres
–
Method for measuring relative wet
grip performance
73
(or the newest version of this standard
74
).
This standard specifies the method for measuring relative wet grip braking performance,
indexed to a reference under loaded conditions for new passenger cars tyres on a wet-
paved surface. The use of a reference tyre is necessary to limit the variability of the
testing procedures. The ISO standard to some extent builds upon the ATSM standards
mentioned in the current TLR. The ISO standard is considered the recognised state of art
measurement method for tyre wet grip performance.
14. Amendment of current Annex IVa on laboratory alignment procedure for the
measurement of RRC
In 2010, an 'Expert Group on laboratory alignment for the measurement of tyre rolling
resistance' was set up
75
. The main activities of the group are dedicated to the creation of
an alignment method for laboratories having to measure tyre rolling resistance in
accordance with the TLR. In 2013/2014 and 2016/2017, the Expert Group assessed, in
cooperation with a Network of Reference Laboratories
76
, the stability and validity of the
assigned values
77
of the reference laboratories.
The experience gained during the inter-laboratory comparison tests led the Expert Group
to suggest some amendments to the Laboratory alignment procedure for the measurement
of rolling resistance in Annex IVa of the TLR
78
. The amendments focus on clarifying
several definitions and the general provisions of Annex IVa, and correcting the formula
to calculate allowed standard deviation of the measured rolling resistance.
15. Extension of the type approval process to include the label declaration
Under the GSR the manufacturer must test tyre types either in-house or in a third party
laboratory. A national type approval authority then endorses the resulting test values.
Currently, the values for rolling resistance, wet grip and noise that manufacturers declare
on the tyre label are based on the results of those tests. However, the declaration of those
values on the label (i.e. the translation of those values into the classes of the label) is not
subject to any verification and is done by manufacturers themselves (self-declaration).
This measure would require the tyre manufacturer to subject the label declaration to the
type approval process. Consequently, this would add an additional guarantee of the
correctness of the label.
73
https://www.iso.org/standard/65530.html, https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:23671:ed-
2:v1:en
74
The standard is reviewed every 5 years. A new process started in 2017.
75
Members are tyre manufacturers, independent test laboratories and observes. See:
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/report_from_egla_expert_group_2017.pdf
76
Publication of reference laboratories for the purpose of the alignment procedure concerning the
measurement of rolling resistance of tyres for the implementation of regulation No http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.C_.2012.086.01.0003.01.ENG&toc=OJ:C:2012:086:TOC
77
Assigned value’ means a theoretical value of one alignment tyre as measured by a theoretical
laboratory, which is representative of the network of reference laboratories that is used for the alignment
procedure.
78
Report from the Expert Group on Laboratory alignment for the measurement of tyre rolling
resistance under Regulation (EC) No 1222/2009
24
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16. Mandatory and independent third-party testing
This measure would require product testing to be done by independent third-party
laboratories, over and above the testing that takes place under the GSR. The current GSR
requires manufacturers to test their tyres, but they are allowed to carry out the testing in
in-house facilities.
Third party testing will result in extra costs for manufacturers and manufacturers who are
placing products on the European market, estimated to be as follows per tyre type placed
on the market:
Table 4: Overview of testing costs per tyre type
Tyre type
C1
C2
C3
Test cost
3,500-4,000 Euro
4,000-4,500 Euro
5,000-6,000 Euro
Source: ETRMA
Industry does not support introducing additional independent third party testing of tyre
performance. They argue that third party testing would be disproportionate to the
available infrastructure of testing institutes/type approval authorities’ laboratories
and
create unacceptable delays and costs for the tyre industry. Instead, they propose that
market surveillance and enforcement should be increased and more coordinated.
Third party testing is however supported by other stakeholders such as environmental
organisations and testing labs.
17. Inclusion of studded tyres in the scope of the TLR
This measure concerns inclusion of studded tyres
79
in the scope of the TLR to make
information about the tyre performance parameters available to end-users for this specific
type of tyre. Studded tyres are a subgroup of Nordic winter tyres developed for sub-zero
temperatures and ice and wet ice conditions. Only 'studdable' tyres supplied without studs
are currently covered by the TLR. Studded tyres are also exempted from the GSR.
18. Inclusion of retreaded tyres in the scope of the TLR
This measure concerns the extension of the scope of the TLR to include retreaded tyres.
Tyre re-treading is a process used to extend the life of used tyres. When a tyre is re-
treaded, the worn-out tread is replaced with a new one, which can be repeated as long as
the casing integrity is guaranteed. Re-treading is particularly relevant for C3 tyres, which
make up about 30% of the market share of re-treaded C3 tyres in Europe, corresponding
to around 5 million tyres
80,81
. However, a decreasing trend has been seen in the C3
retreaded market from 2013-2015 due to increasing imports in the EU of low cost C3
tyres. The market share of re-treaded C1 and C2 tyres is below 2% in Europe.
Studded tyres have metal studs embedded within the tread in order to increase the traction of the
tyre, in particular on ice.
80
European Tyre and Rubber Manufacturers’ Association, ETRMA (2011), “Re-treading” Website
last updated 2011. Link: http://www.etrma.org/tyres/retreading
81
Ruud Spuijbroek, Secretary at Bipaver (2015), personal communication on email September 16
th
2015.
79
25
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19. Mandatory inclusion of mileage as a performance parameter
This measure concerns adding mileage as a new tyre performance parameter on the label.
Mileage is an important parameter for end-users and various stakeholders such as
environmental and consumer organisations requested adding it to the label, as shown in
the annexed OPC report.
Mileage is an indication of the usable life of a tyre, based in particular on the number of
kilometres that the tyre can be expected to be driven for, before it reaches the legally
defined minimum tread depth.
27% of OPC respondents were in favour of including mileage as a parameter on the
label, but only if the accuracy of the measurement could be ensured.
20. Mandatory inclusion of abrasion as a performance parameter
This measure concerns the inclusion of abrasion as a new performance parameter on the
tyre label.
Abrasion is the removal of materials from the tyre when it interacts with the road surface.
Tyre wear particles are generated from the friction between the tyre and the road.
According to the tyre industry, these particles might therefore be an agglomeration of
approximately equal mass fractions of material from the tyre and the road
82
. The abrasion
rate is intrinsically linked to the durability and life expectancy of tyres.
Particles are released to the environment as particles of different sizes and in different
amounts. Smaller particles contribute to particulate air pollution and larger particles
deposit on the road and run-off into streams and accumulate in the oceans. These
particles are
often referred to as microplastics. The Commission’s recently published EU
Strategy for Plastics in the Circular Economy
83
presents key commitments for action at
EU level and recognises the significant contribution of tyre wear to the accumulation of
microplastics in aquatic environments. Furthermore, the Commission acknowledges the
need for more research to improve understanding of the sources and impacts of
microplastics
84
.
21% of OPC respondents were in favour of including mileage as a parameter on the label
in all circumstances, with 20% in favour only if the accuracy of the measurement could
be ensured. 41% thought concerns about abrasion should be covered in other forms of
regulation.
5.3.
Options/measures discarded at an early stage
Inclusion of studded tyres
The market share of studded tyres is very small in all but the two Nordic Member States
(Sweden and Finland) as well as Norway, and the potential fuel saving is therefore very
limited. One reason for the low market share is that use of studded tyres is actually
prohibited in many Member States. In addition, testing of rolling resistance and wet grip
for studded tyres is not possible with the current test standards. In both the RRC and the
82
http://www.etrma.org/uploads/Modules/Documentsmanager/20171003_etrma_trwp-position-
paper.pdf
83
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/pdf/plastics-strategy.pdf
84
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/pdf/plastics-strategy.pdf
26
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wet grip tests there is a limited allowed ‘roughness’ of the surface (machine drums or
road ), and the use of studs on these surfaces during the test will damage them to such an
extent that the surfaces no longer comply with the test standards. Hence, with the current
test standards, including studded tyres is not possible.
Based on all of the above reasons, including studded tyres in the TLR is discarded.
Inclusion of re-treaded tyres
The performance of re-treaded tyres is determined by the combination of casing, tread,
and applied re-treading process
85
. The major challenge of including retreaded tyres in the
labelling scheme is the necessity to establish the three label performance parameters (fuel
efficiency, wet grip and external rolling noise) for each combination of casing, tread and
retreading process. Since re-treaded tyres are produced in small series, the cost of testing
each combination would make the re-treading business economically unfeasible,
especially for SMEs
86
.
As already mentioned, the TLR does not require C3 tyres to have a label. According to
the industry organisation for tyre retreaders
87
, the major barrier for including re-treaded
tyres in the TLR is the vast diversity of possible product combinations and small number
of similar re-treaded tyres.
Based on all of the above reasons, including retreaded tyres in the TLR is discarded.
Inclusion of mileage as a performance parameter
Inclusion of mileage in the label seems to be useful for end-users and could be an
important factor for tyre purchases. It is also a durability parameter that fits adequately
with the objectives of the circular economy strategy. However, its inclusion on the label
coupled with the inclusion of further parameters such as abrasion and snow/ice
performance should be assessed cautiously to avoid overburdening the label with too
much information for the end-user, thereby reducing its effectiveness. In this context, the
relation with the dry grip of tyres also has be taken into account.
More importantly, inclusion of mileage is currently not feasible as there is no reliable,
accurate and reproducible standardised test method for identifying the number of
kilometres achievable by tyres. Such a method would have to be developed by the
standardisation bodies to provide end-users with comparable information. It should also
be considered that measuring mileage using a standardised test method can deviate
significantly from the mileage experienced by end-users in real life (as mileage is
influenced by other parameters such as weather and road conditions, driving behaviour,
etc.). If this happens, it may undermine end-users’
confidence in the label.
Environmental stakeholders are in favour of including mileage on the label as shown in
the annexed OPC report. Some even indicated that if the measure is not included based
on lack of an appropriate measurement methods, it would be necessary to initiate the
standardisation work as soon as possible in order to avoid that this argument will be used
also in the future for not taking action.
Boustani, A. (2007), “Remanufacturing and Energy Savings” B.S. University of California
Berkely, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Link: http://web.mit.edu/ebm/www/Publications/reman-
est.pdf
86
Retyre (2014), Main website. Link: http://www.retyre-project.eu/
87
BIPAVER
85
27
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The industry and MSAs agree that it is not possible to measure mileage with the accuracy
required for labelling, and MSAs do not consider it possible to perform market
surveillance on such a requirement. Furthermore, the tyre industry, MSAs and tyre
testing organisations all agree that introducing mileage as a parameter in the tyre
labelling scheme would be very costly and would not help end-users choose better tyres.
However, this issue could be further investigated in a future amendment of the TLR
(possibly through delegated acts), also taking into account consumer understanding
testing of the future label.
This measure is therefore discarded based on the inability of meeting the criteria for
technical feasibility (lack of testing method).
Inclusion of abrasion as a performance parameter
As with mileage, inclusion of abrasion in the label could be useful for end-users and thus
an important factor for tyre purchases, contributing to the EU Strategy for Plastics. The
inclusion of abrasion is however not feasible for the time being as there is no reliable,
accurate and reproducible standardised test method for measuring the abrasion effect of
tyres. Such a method would have to be developed by the standardisation bodies to
provide end-users with this information.
The opinion of stakeholders regarding this measure is very much in line with their views
on mileage, because the two parameters are related. As confirmed in the OPC, industry
believes that tyre labelling is not appropriate for this complex question, while NGO’s
88
consider it important that this information is included in the label. Given the likely high
price of tyres that are well performing in terms of abrasion, the utility of including
information on the release of microplastics on the tyre label needs to be carefully
examined. Using the GSR to ban tyres that did not reach an acceptable abrasion level, in
addition to
labelling, in other words the traditional “push and pull” affect, is a future
option that needs to be considered.
Due to the lack of a reliable and reproducible testing method, this measure is not
technically feasible at this stage. However, given the importance of abrasion for the
environment and for the durability of tyres, once such a test become available in the
future, it should be made possible to adapt the label parameters under the TLR using a
delegated act. To facilitate this process, the Commission could give a mandate to
CEN/CENELEC to develop such a methodology.
Mandatory and independent third-party testing
For the purpose of this impact assessment, this measure is discarded for several reasons.
Firstly, European product legislation (e.g. on safety or energy efficiency) is
overwhelmingly based on some form of self-declaration by manufacturers and importers
of the compliance of their products with the applicable requirements. This is supported
by the CE marking and is based on the so-called New Legislative Framework that was
introduced in 2008
89
(as an update of the New Approach to technical harmonisation that
started in 1973). Resort to independent third party testing or type examination is limited
to specific cases where the co-legislators have considered that the risk and consequences
of non-compliance are particularly high, for example in the case of certain personal
protective equipment or gas appliances. Non-compliance with the tyre labelling
88
89
See the OPC report in Annex 2
https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/goods/new-legislative-framework_en
28
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requirements, which could of course result in loss of energy and monetary savings, does
not fall into this category.
Secondly, in the context of the revision of the Energy Labelling legislation, which was
finalised in August 2017 with the adoption of a new Regulation, the co-legislators
considered that self-declaration was still the appropriate conformity assessment
procedure for demonstrating compliance with product-specific energy labelling
requirements (e.g. for washing machines, vacuum cleaners and refrigerators). Although
there has been a strong call for more, and more effective, market surveillance to check
compliance, this is addressed by the extension of the type approval process to the label
declaration and the product registration database.
Thirdly, the tyre labelling regulation is closely linked to the GSR, which imposes a type
approval process on tyre manufacturers for key tyre parameters, but does not require
mandatory third party testing. Imposing this only for the purpose of tyre labelling would
mean diverging from this process and adding additional costs for manufacturers.
Fourthly, there is a risk that the lack of independent test laboratories
90
will constitute a
barrier for placing new tyre models, including better performing tyres, on the market.
Finally, third party testing is not guaranteed to address the inaccuracy of the information
on the label, as this is at least partly driven by difficulties with the test procedures as such
and not only by whether the tests are undertaken by a third party. This is also an issue
best dealt with under the GSR, as the instrument that sets the general testing
requirements.
90
See Review study,
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/Study%20in%20support%20of%20the%20Review%
20of%20the%20Tyre%20Labelling%20Regulation_final.pdf
29
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Table 5: Options that were discarded at an early stage and options that were modelled
Discarded options
Inclusion of studded tyres
Inclusion of re-treaded tyres
Inclusion of mileage as a performance parameter
Inclusion of abrasion as a performance parameter
Mandatory and independent third-party testing
PO2: Non-regulatory measures
PO3:Targeted legislative actions
PO3B: As policy option 3, but without the effect of re-adjustment the label
classes
PO3C: As policy option 3, but without the effect of the extension of the type
approval procedure to the declaration of the label values
PO3D: As policy option 3, but without the effect of online labelling
PO3E: As policy option 3, but without the effect of the tyre registration
database
PO3F: As policy option 3, but without the effect of further OEM requirement
PO4: Policy option 2 + option 3. Non-legislative measures and targeted
legislative actions are all applied
PO4B: as policy option 4, but without the effect of re-adjustment the label
classes
PO4C: As policy option 4, but without the extension of the type approval
procedure to the declaration of the label values
PO4D: As policy option 4, but without the effect of online labelling
PO4E: As policy option 4, but without the effect of the tyre registration
database
PO4F: As policy option 3, but without the effect of further OEM requirement
Modelled options
6.
What are the impacts of the policy options?
The impacts were modelled following the methods set out in detail in Annex 4. The key
assumptions underlying the modelling were:
General assumptions: market data and prices for C1 (replacement tyres and
OEM), C2 and C3 tyres; average number of kilometres that are driven each year;
average lifespan of tyres; etc.
Scenario assumptions: sales data; distribution of tyre models in the different label
classes over time; effects of non-compliance; etc. (For instance, non-compliance
is assumed to decrease in option 2 and even more in option 3 to 7%, compared to
15% in BAU scenario).
Behavioural assumptions: impact of information campaigns and readjustment of
the classes on end-users’
buying behaviour; impact of improved market
surveillance on compliance rate; impact of including snow and ice indicators on
the label on number and severity of accidents; etc. (For instance, awareness of the
label is assumed to increase from 41% to 60% due to information campaigns).
Given that there is significant uncertainty in particular as regards the behavioural
assumptions, the impact assessment includes an extensive sensitivity analysis in section
8.2.
30
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6.1. Environmental impacts
6.1.1.
Fuel consumption
The rolling resistance of the tyres affects the energy consumption of a vehicle, and the
differences in fuel consumption shown in the figure below are due to different rolling
resistance in each policy scenario (the BAU values are provided for comparison). As
seen in the figure below, policy option 4 (PO4) has the lowest annual energy
consumption followed by policy option 3 (PO3).
Both scenarios give slightly higher consumption without re-adjustment of the label
(PO3B and PO4B), but significantly higher consumption without the extension of the
type approval procedure to the declaration of the label values (PO3C and PO4C). This
can also be seen from the cumulative energy savings from 2017 to 2030, which are
shown for each policy option in the table below, and the part of the saving resulting from
each specific measure, where 36-39% of total savings results from the extension of the
type approval procedure to the declaration of the label values. These two specific sub-
options are shown in the graph below, while all sub-options are shown in the table under
the graph.
Figure 3: Total fuel consumption for main scenarios expressed in PJ per annum
91
.
Fue l co nsum ptio n fo r all type s PJ/a
12700
ENERGY CONSUMPTION, PJ
12600
12500
PO2
12400
12300
12200
12100
12000
2015
PO4
PO3
BAU
2017
2019
2021
2023
YEAR
2025
2027
2029
Source: Modelling by Viegand Maagøe
–
see methodology Annex 4
Table 6: Cumulative fuel savings in PJ achieved by 2030 in each policy scenario
(compared to BAU)
Specific measure
PO2
PO3
PO4
Annual savings in 2030
14 PJ/year
123 PJ/year
129PJ/year
Cumulative savings (2017-2030)
179 PJ
1348 PJ
1440 PJ
Savings distributions on each specific measure in the options
not applicable
Information campaigns
48 PJ (27%)
40 (3%)
Concerted market surveillance
130 PJ (73%)
*109 (8%)
Extension of type approval procedure
526 (39%)
514 (36%)
91
(The Joule is a derived unit of energy in
the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy transferred to (or work done on) an object when a force of one Newton acts
on that object in the direction of its motion through a distance of one metre)
.
1 Peta Joule per year is equal to 1 000 000 000 000 000 Joule per year
31
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Re-adjustment of label (with new A)
Online labelling
Digital registration database
Inclusion of OEM tyres
Technical doc. and data sheet
not applicable
86 (6%)
91 (7%)
*197 (15%)
427 (32%)
*21 (2%)
87 (6%)
85 (6%)
*184 (13%)
400 (28%)
*20 (1%)
*The effect of these measures on compliance rate diminishes when extension of type approval procedure
testing is applied
Source: Modelling by Viegand Maagøe (see methodology Annex 4)
As seen in the previous table, the fuel savings are to a large extent driven by the decrease
in non-compliance induced by the extension of type approval procedure testing (36-39%
of savings) and by the mandatory labelling of OEM tyres at all times (28-32% of
savings). It should be noted that including the extension of type approval procedure
testing leads to a reduction in non-compliance, which is also driven by the digital
registration database, the technical documentation content definition and concerted
market surveillance decreases. Hence, the effects of these other measures will be greater
than shown in the figure above if the extension of type approval procedure testing is not
implemented.
It is important to note that the effect of label re-adjustment relies on the assumption that
it is technically possible to improve both the rolling resistance and the wet grip
parameters to the new class A (see annex 6). Re-adjusting the label with four classes (A-
D) is assumed to cause a saving somewhere between the re-adjusted label (adding a new
class) and not changing the label classes, i.e. somewhere between 0-6%. This is because
in this case the class A threshold is not moved, but end-users might perceive the
difference between A and D on the label as more significant, because classes below D are
not shown.
The impact of information requirements on end-users’
purchase behaviour has been
investigated, and it is found that the awareness of the label and the importance of each
label parameter to the end-user determines how large a share of end-users would buy
higher rated tyres. For the rolling resistance parameter, 34% of end-users
find it “very
important” according to the 2016 consumer survey, but only a fraction of them is
expected to actually purchase a more fuel-efficient tyre based on more/better information
(See methodology Annex 4).
6.1.2.
CO
2
emission mitigation
CO
2
emissions are directly linked to vehicle fuel consumption, and the savings follow the
same pattern as the fuel savings, hence the scenarios have the same relative savings. The
absolute values are given in the table below.
Table 7: CO
2
emission savings from each policy option in Mt CO
2
-eq.
The distributions between specific measures in % are the same as fuel savings shown in
the previous table.
Policy option:
PO2
PO3
PO4
Annual CO
2
-eq savings in 2030
1.1 Mt/year
9.1 Mt/year
9.5 Mt/year
Cumulative CO
2
-eq savings (2017- 13 Mt
99 Mt
106 Mt
2030)
Source: Calculation modelled by Viegand Maagøe (See methodology Annex 4)
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In addition to CO
2
,
other emissions result from the exhaust of vehicles. These include
NOx gasses, exhaust particles, CO, SO
2
, etc.
92
. These pollutants will decrease with the
fuel savings and CO
2
emissions in all scenarios.
Policy option 4 is estimated to deliver 129PJ of final energy by 2030, which is around
0.8% of the savings needed to reach the EU’s target of 30% energy efficiency by 2030. It
is also estimated to save around 10 Mt CO
2
equivalent, which would contribute 1%
towards the EU’s target of 40% GHG emissions reduction
by 2030.
6.1.3.
Noise pollution
It is not possible to quantify exactly the direct health effect of tyre external rolling noise
levels. However, it is well-established that noise influences human health and causes
both premature deaths and hospitalisations due to cerebrovascular diseases and coronary
heart disease
93
, especially related to noise above 55 dB.
The average noise levels for each scenario are given in the table below, noting that the
lower the values, the less serious the negative health effect. Since external rolling noise is
generally considered less important than other factors by end-users, the effect of the label
information is limited.
Table 8: Noise levels in 2030 for each tyre type (C1, C2 and C3) in each policy option
2030
noise C1 tyres
C2 tyres
levels
Policy Option
Replacement OEM
Replacement OEM
BAU
70.5
71.2
72.1
72.5
PO2
70.3
71.2
71.9
72.5
70.2
71.7
PO3
70.2
71.7
70.1
71.7
PO4
70.1
71.7
Source: Calculations by Viegand Maagøe (See Methodology Annex 4)
C3 tyres
Replacement
71.5
71.3
71.7
71.0
OEM
72.0
72.0
71.1
71.0
6.2. Social impacts
6.2.1.
Road safety
One of the largest social impacts related to tyres is safety, which is determined by the wet
grip of the tyre. The wet grip is related to braking length and thus to impact and speed in
accidents, which affects the severity of injuries. Reduced impact speeds also lead to less
severe accidents, or even to avoided accidents, when the grip allows coming to a full stop
before impact.
The following Table gives an overview of how safety, in terms of severity in accidents,
is affected in each policy scenario. Note that only accidents on
wet road
(9% of total
accidents) and accidents on
snowy (1%)
and
icy (1%) road
are considered here, since the
policy options include safety parameters only for wet grip, snow grip and ice grip. It
should be noted that there is a generally positive correlation between grip on wet road
and grip on dry road, even though it is not directly quantifiable. This means that the
effect of increasing wet grip will also have a positive effect on safety on dry road, leading
to an even higher number of avoided fatalities and injuries than shown in the table below.
92
https://www.theaa.com/driving-advice/fuels-environment/emissions
93
http://www.rivm.nl/dsresource?objectid=a4029a59-c241-46c8-b8d1-
8f2f537e9ac1&type=org&disposition=inline
33
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Table 9: Severity of accidents in each policy option, measured by number of fatalities,
severe injuries and minor injuries caused by traffic accidents on wet, snowy and icy
roads.
BAU
Annual
Fatalities
occurrence 2030 Severe injuries
(in numbers)
Minor injuries
1 390
14 138
134 583
PO2
1 387
14 016
134 720
PO3
1 332
11 556
136 400
790
27 593
-20 612
PO4
1 331
11 540
136 465
818
28 489
-21 472
Cumulative
Fatalities
53
Not applicable
number,
Severe injuries
1 534
2017-2030
Minor injuries
-1 729
Source: Calculations by Viegand Maagøe (see methodology Annex 4)
As seen from the above Table, the number of fatalities and severe injuries decrease with
the increase in safety parameters (wet grip, snow grip and ice grip) in the three policy
scenarios compared to BAU. PO4 shows the largest improvement, but with very similar
results in PO3, of 4% fewer fatalities and 19% fewer severe injuries per year in 2030.
If the same improvement is assumed for dry road safety, it would correspond to 543 less
fatalities per year in 2030 (where total fatalities are assumed to have fallen to 12,640 in
the BAU scenario) and 24,160 less severe injuries (out of the total 128,500 in the BAU
scenario in 2030).
At the same time, however, the number of minor injuries increases in the policy
scenarios, and most in PO4 and PO3. This is because the wet grip affects the
severity
of
accidents, and thus the accidents that would have inflicted e.g. a severe injury in BAU,
cause only minor injuries in the policy options. However, the number of avoided
fatalities and severe injuries are higher than the increase in minor injuries, because some
accidents no longer cause personal injuries at all, due to increased grip of the tyres.
6.2.2.
Noise health effects
Noise is an important social impact factor of tyres due to related health issues. Road
traffic noise at levels over 55 dB L
den94
affects an estimated 100-125 million European
citizens based on noise mapping, with the actual number most likely being higher due to
incomplete reporting
95,96
. For sleep disturbance, an indicator of 50 dB L
night
is
recommended
97
.
Table 10: Health effects of environmental noise from road traffic
Implication
Affected people
Annoyance
20 million
Sleep
disturbance
8 million
Hospitalisations
43 000
Deaths
10 000
Reading
impairment
8 000
Source: https://www.eea.europa.eu/signals/signals-2016/articles/transport-and-public-health
Due to the large variations in reported numbers, it is not possible to quantify exactly the
correlation between tyre external rolling noise and noise exposure in the different policy
options. The World Health organisation (WHO) and the European Environmental
Agency (EEA) assessed the health effects of the environmental noise form road traffic in
Lden is the average annual Day, Evening and Night noise level, and 55 dB is the value set in the
Environmental Noise Directive for noise mapping and assessments.
95
https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/road-traffic-remains-biggest-source
96
https://www.eea.europa.eu/signals/signals-2016/articles/transport-and-public-health
97
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/noise/directive_en.htm
94
34
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the unit Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) per year. The latest data from this
assessment (from 2011) is used here.
Table 11: WHO health effects of environmental noise form road traffic in DALY/year
Cognitive
Total
impairment in
children
140 890
378 590
354 134
4 577
14 316
873 981
DALY/year
Source: Excel sheet provided by DG Environment, based on data form World Health
Organisation (WHO) from 2011
Implication
Cardio
vascular
Annoyance
Sleep
disturbance
Tinnitus
Using the model, the decrease in health impacts in the table below can be calculated for
an average decrease in noise exposure by 1 dB. This saving can be monetarised by using
the Value of One Life Year (VOLY) Noise Directive, namely €110 987. This calculation
is shown here as an example of impacts that can be obtained by decreasing road noise
levels. The impacts cannot be calculated for each policy scenario because the
improvement in average noise levels is overall too small (less than 1 dB).
Table 12: Health and monetary impacts of decreased noise exposure
Implication
Cardio
vascular
19 154
14%
2.13
Annoyance
Sleep
disturbance
37 621
11%
4.18
Tinnitus
Cognitive
Total
impairment in
children
1 320
94 471
9%
0.15
11%
10.49
Decrease,
DALY/year
Decrease, %
Savings/year,
billion euro
37 655
10%
4.18
364
8%
0.04
6.3. Economic impacts
6.3.1.
Societal costs
Traffic accidents and noise pollution result in high societal costs. However, it has only
been possible to quantify the accident-related costs impacts of the policy scenarios
98
. The
total monetary savings are related to the number of accidents leading to fatalities, severe
injuries and minor injuries respectively (see section 6.1).
The accident related cost savings in EUR million are shown in the table below as annual
costs in 2030 and cumulative costs savings from 2017 to 2030. Policy scenarios 3 and 4
give rise to the highest savings (i.e. largest decrease in severe accidents). Not including
re-adjustment or extension of type approval procedure testing would each result in
approximately EUR 160 million less savings in 2030.
Table 13: Health costs of fatalities, severe and minor injuries in traffic.
BAU
Annual costs EUR Fatalities
2030 million
Severe injuries
Minor injuries
Total
2 354
3 565
2 622
8 541
PO2
2 348
3 534
2 625
8 507
PO3
2 255
2 914
2 657
7 826
PO4
2 254
2 910
2 659
7 822
98
Total noise-related fatalities and hospitalisations including related costs are available only for the
year 2014, and no correlation was made between tyre rolling noise and these incidents.
35
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Cumulative
cost Fatalities
89
Not
savings 2017-2030, Severe injuries
386
applicable
EUR million
Minor injuries
-34
Total
442
Source: Calculations by Viegand Maagøe (see Methodology Annex 4)
1 330
6 948
-401
7 876
1 378
7 173
-418
8 133
6.3.2.
Financial savings for end-users
The economic impact for end-users primarily consists of the tyre purchase price and the
fuel cost savings in the use-phase. The rolling resistance directly affects the fuel cost,
whereas the combined performance of the three label parameters affects the tyre purchase
price. Hence, the fuel savings caused by decreasing rolling resistance have to
counterbalance the increase in purchase price caused by the total performance
improvement. As seen in the table below, the economic benefit for vehicle owners is low,
with PO3 and PO4 giving the highest end-user savings of below 1%. Calculations are
based on average market values for rolling resistance and prices. The Total Cost of
Ownership (TCO) is calculated as the purchase price for a full set of tyres and the fuel
cost over the average tyre lifetime. The fuel cost savings have not been discounted.
Table 14: End-user Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), for C1, C2 and C3 users, at
individual end-user level and on EU level. Based on tyre mileage and number of tyre
fitted on each vehicle
Tyre
type
End-
user
level,
EUR
EU
level,
billion
EUR
C1
C2
C3
C1
C2
C3
Total
BAU
TCO
5 164
12 473
88 454
PO2
TCO
Saving
TCO
5 136
12 409
87 933
5 155
9 (0.2%)
12 467
6 (0.0%)
88 342 112 (0.1%)
PO3
Saving
28 (0.5%)
64 (0.5%)
521 (0.6%)
PO4
TCO
5 129
12 400
87 780
1 730
509
661
2 900
Saving
35 (0.7%)
73 (0.6%)
673 (0.8%)
12 (0.7%)
3 (0.6%)
5 (0.8%)
20 (0.7%)
1 742
1 739
3 (0.2%)
1 733
9 (0.5%)
512
512
0 (0.0%)
509
3 (0.5%)
666
665
1 (0.1%)
662
4 (0.6%)
2 920
2 916 4 (0.1%)
2 904
16 (0.5%)
Source: Calculations by Viegand Maagøe (See methodology Annex 4)
6.3.3.
Turnover and Employment
The business turnover is calculated for a simplified supply chain consisting of three
actors: manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers. The turnover and employment are based
directly on tyre sales and prices, and are without inflation or discounting. The estimated
"mark-up factors" shown in the table below are used to scale between the three supply
chain links, and the "revenues per employee" are used to estimate employment. More
details on calculations are provided in Annex 4.
Table 15: Estimated mark-up factors and turnover per employee used in calculations
Market
Turnover/employee EUR
Mark-up factors
25 511
2
Retail
59 241
1.25
Wholesale
63 929
1
Manufacturer
Source: http://www.eurocommerce.eu/retail-and-wholesale-in-europe/facts-and-figures.aspx
As seen in the two tables below, both turnover and employment are expected to increase
towards 2030 due to an increase in sales (2.1% per year for entire market) and in
36
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performance (see tyre unit prices in Annex 4). The difference between the scenarios is
thus based entirely on tyre price increases due to increased performance, and PO3 and
PO4 provide the largest performance increase and thus the largest turnover and
employment benefit compared to BAU. See Annex 4 for the graphs of the turnover and
employment development from 2017 to 2030.
Table 16: Estimated turnover and cumulative increase by 2030 for manufacturers,
wholesalers and retailers in the tyre sector
Sector
Retail
2030 levels, Wholesale
million Euro Manufacture
Total
BAU
52 656
32 910
26 328
111 893
PO2
52 619
32 887
26 310
111 816
PO3
57 107
35 692
28 553
121 352
44 606
27 879
22 303
94 787
PO4
56 900
35 562
28 450
120 912
46 803
29 252
23 401
99 456
Retail
2 786
Cumulative
Wholesale
1 742
increase,
Not applicable
2017-2030,
Manufacture
1 393
million euro
Total
5 921
Source: Calculations by Viegand Maagøe (see methodology Annex 4)
Table 17: Estimated employment and cumulative increase by 2030 for manufacturers,
wholesalers and retailers in the tyre business (in full-time equivalents)
Sector
Retail
Wholesale
Manufacture
Total
BAU
2 064 037
555 524
411 830
3 031 391
PO2
2 062 603
555 138
411 544
3 029 285
PO3
2 238 519
602 484
446 644
3 287 647
1 748 487
470 595
348 870
2 567 953
PO4
2 230 405
600 301
438 395
3 269 101
1 834 608
493 774
366 053
2 694 435
2030 levels,
employees
109 227
Increase
in Retail
Wholesale
29 398
employees
Not applicable
between 2017- Manufacture
21 794
2030,
Total
160 419
Source: Calculations by Viegand Maagøe (see methodology Annex 4)
6.4. Other impacts
6.4.1.
Impact on competitiveness
Overall, any measure improving end-users' understanding of the tyre label and
manufacturers’ compliance with the labelling requirements, will improve
competitiveness in the tyre market, since the tyre label would increasingly be a decision
parameter for end-users in a purchase situation. The higher the understanding of, and
confidence in, the label, the more end-users are likely to use the information given on the
label to decide which tyre to buy. This means that tyre manufacturers can use the tyre
label parameters to a higher degree to benchmark and differentiate their products.
This increase in competitiveness is likely to be the highest with the re-adjustment option
that sets a new threshold for class A, since no or only very few tyres have yet achieved
rolling resistance and wet grip within class A. The combination of new class A in both
wet grip and rolling resistance would be difficult to reach and would likely cause
competition among manufacturers, as was the case in 2012 when the label was first
37
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1896112_0038.png
implemented
99
. This would also support EU tyre manufacturers, which tend to produce
higher quality tyres, to compete in the market.
6.4.2.
Impact on innovation
Although very few tyres are currently rated in fuel efficiency class A, there is a lot of
research and development (R&D) effort in tyre manufacturing
100
to achieve high
performance in both wet grip and rolling resistance at the same time, as these two
parameters counteract each other. This innovation effort is expected to increase as more
end-users become aware of the tyre label and increased market surveillance results in a
more level playing field, in which manufacturers are awarded for producing better
performing tyres. Readjusting the label classes will most likely increase the innovation
effort as well.
As noted in the 2016 Review Study, innovation is most likely to focus on rubber
mixtures and additives that allow the development of tyre treads with properties
promoting both good wet grip and fuel efficiency.
6.4.3.
Impact on SMEs
On the manufacturer side, the EU market is primarily comprised of large global tyre
companies, represented by ETRMA with 12 companies in total. ETRMA members
account for 72% of the European C1 and C2 tyre markets and 70% of the C3 tyre market
(2016)
101
. No SME tyre manufacturer was identified in the EU. Tyre imports from non-
EU countries cover the remaining market share of roughly 30 %
102
.
By contrast, SMEs dominate the tyre retreading industry with a market share of 35-40%
of truck and bus tyres (C3). As described in section 5.3.1.2, the inclusion of retreaded
tyres in the labelling scheme has been discarded mainly because the current testing
methods would make the retreading business economically unfeasible, especially for
SMEs. The proposed policy options are therefore not considered to have significant
impacts on these businesses.
SMEs active in retailing/importing of tyres could face additional costs by the proposed
changes, specifically related to the obligation on manufacturers and retailers to show the
label when tyres are offered for sale online. These costs relate mainly to the obligation to
ensure that the information is provided in a legible, comprehensible and comparable
fashion, independently of the end-user’s
Internet access device; this may create web
design costs. Providing the information to end-users once the design stage is completed
bears no additional cost. Furthermore, this proposal does not change the coverage of the
TLR in terms of products or create obligations to produce new information. Therefore, it
is not expected to give rise to significant implementation costs.
Finally, SMEs using tyres in their activities will benefit from reduced costs over the
lifetime of the tyres and increased safety for their employees.
http://www.transportengineer.org.uk/transport-engineer-news/goodyear-unveils-first-aa-grade-
steer-concept-tyre/45469
100
See Review Study
101
http://www.etrma.org/uploads/20170912%20-%20Statistics%20booklet%202017%20-
%20alternative%20rubber%20section%20FINAL%20web1.pdf
102
The majority of these companies are represented through the International Tyre Manufacturers’
Association (ITMA). See https://itma-europe.com/history/
99
38
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7.
How do the options compare?
7.1. Summary of impacts and options comparison
As seen from the results presented in the two tables below, PO4 results in the greatest
overall benefits, closely followed by PO3. PO2 gives only minor benefits in comparison,
and in terms of turnover (and employment), it actually causes a decrease. This is because
the development in BAU outpaces the overall improvement in tyre performance by 2030
in PO2, thus causing a lower tyre price and a lower turnover in the industry (see
consumer prices in Annex 4). In cumulative savings, PO2 does provide only minor
improvements.
However, when combined with the legislative amendments in PO3, the information
campaigns and increased market surveillance efforts pay off, as seen from the difference
in benefits between policy options 3 and 4 (option 4 being the combination of options 2
and 3). In other words, the information campaigns and concerted enforcement actions
in
addition
to legislative improvements will have a greater effect than information
requirements without further legislative changes. This conclusion is supported by
experience with energy labelling of household appliances, where the combination of
legislative requirements with improved market surveillance and information efforts
towards consumers has been effective.
103
By their very nature, the non-regulatory measures of option 2 contribute to a lesser extent
to the general and specific objectives than the targeted legislative actions of option 3.
Nevertheless, as argued above, legislative and non-legislative measures mutually
reinforce another and work best in combination (option 4).
103
See Impact Assessment for the Energy Labelling Regulation, section 8
39
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Table 18: Summary of policy option impacts, changes in annual values by 2030 compared to BAU
Energy
savings
2030
Fuel
savings
GHG
End-user expenditure
Net cost
savings
Manu-
facture
Extra turnover
Whole-
sale
Retail
Manuf
acturer
s
Compliance costs
Retail
Memb
er
states
Commi Fatali
ssion
ties
Road safety
Severe
injuries
Minor
injuries
Societal health costs
Fataliti Severe
es
injuries
Minor
injuries
Energy
CO
2
-eq
Purchase
cost
reduction cost saving
savings
Policy
Option
PO2
PO3
PO3B
PO3C
PO3D
PO3E
PO3F
PO4
PO4B
PO4C
PO4D
PO4E
PO4F
PJ
14
123
109
84
114
101
93
129
120
90
123
114
94
Mt
1.1
9.1
8.0
6.2
8.4
7.4
6.8
9.5
8.9
6.6
9.0
8.4
6.9
mln. €
37
-4 451
-3 615
-3 397
-4 415
-4 018
-1 808
-4 244
-3 237
-3 531
-4 252
-4 193
-1 720
mln. €
812
6 632
5 899
4 522
6 143
5 445
5 030
7 012
6 560
4 902
6 687
6 221
5 174
mln. €
849
2 181
2 284
1 125
1 728
1 427
3 222
2 768
3 323
1 371
2 435
2 028
3 454
mln. €
-18
2 226
1 808
1 698
2 208
2 009
904
2 122
1 619
1 766
2 126
2 096
860
mln. €
-23
2 782
2 260
2 123
2 759
2 511
1 130
2 653
2 023
2 207
2 657
2 620
1 075
mln. €
-37
4 451
3 615
3 397
4 415
4 018
1 808
4 244
3 237
3 531
4 252
4 193
1 720
mln. € mln. € mln. € mln. €
0
127
127
126
127
127
127
127
127
126
127
127
127
0
50
50
50
50
50
0
50
50
50
50
50
0
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.5-1
0.5-1
0.5-1
0.5-1
0.5-1
0.5-1
0.5-1
0.5-1
0.5-1
0.5-1
0.5-1
0.5-1
0.5-1
Nr.
3
58
47
47
57
56
37
59
44
48
59
58
39
Nr.
122
2 582
2 035
2 081
2 548
2 499
1 487
2 598
1 932
2 097
2 577
2 545
1 517
Nr.
-137
-1 818
-1 505
-1 492
-1 790
-1 750
-1 480
-1 882
-1 429
-1 551
-1 868
-1 848
-1 528
mln. € mln. €
6
99
79
80
97
95
63
100
75
81
99
98
65
31
651
513
525
643
630
375
655
487
529
650
642
382
mln. €
-3
-35
-29
-29
-35
-34
-29
-37
-28
-30
-36
-36
-30
Source: calculations by Viegand Maagøe (see methodology Annex 4). Further details about administrative costs appear in Annex 3
.
40
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1896112_0041.png
Table19: qualitative evaluation of the policy options. PO3B and PO4B exclude re-adjustment
and PO3C and PO4C excluding the extension of type approval procedure
Energy
savings
GHG
End-user
expenditure
Extra
turnover
Compl
iance
costs
Road
safety
Societal Total
health
Nr of
costs
"+"
Option
PO2
PO3
PO3B
PO3C
PO3D
PO3E
PO3F
PO4
PO4B
PO4C
PO4D
PO4E
PO4F
(+)
++(+)
++(+)
++
++(+)
++(+)
++
+++
++(+)
++
++(+)
++(+)
++
(+)
++(+)
++(+)
++
++(+)
++(+)
++
+++
++(+)
++
++(+)
++(+)
++
+
++
++
+
+(+)
+
+++
++(+)
+++
+
++
++
+++
-
+++
++
++
+++
++(+)
+
+++
++
++
+++
++
+
+++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
+
+++
++
++
+++
+++
+(+)
+++
++
++
+++
+++
+(+)
+
+++
++
++
+++
+++
+(+)
+++
++
++
+++
+++
+(+)
6
18
15
13
17.5
16.5
13
19.5
16
13
18
17
13
Source: Based on calculations by Viegand Maagøe (see methodology Annex 4)
Option 4 adds the non-regulatory measures of option 2 to the legislative actions identified in
option 3. Given that the legislative actions result in significantly more savings than the non-
regulatory ones, option 4 does not deliver much more savings compared to option 3.
Nevertheless, as outlined in section 7.1, second paragraph, the non-regulatory and legislative
actions mutually reinforce each other. For example, joint surveillance action by Member
States will be more effective once the registration database is in place, which would give them
central access to all compliance information. In addition, in option 4 the Member States play
an important role and this can have an additional beneficial effect in terms of increasing their
commitment to the tyre labelling scheme.
From the overall ranking, PO4 (combination of policy options 2 and 3) comes out best
overall. PO3 alone gives almost the same improvements as PO4.
8.
Preferred option
8.1. Description of the preferred policy option
Based on the analyses presented in the previous chapters, the preferred option is PO4, which
combines the specific measures from PO2 and PO3. This option includes the following
measures:
41
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Table 20: Specific measure included in the preferred option
POLICY OPTION
PO 4
–
Combination of
PO 2 and PO 3: Non-
regulatory actions and
Targeted amendments
to the TLR
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
SPECIFIC MEASURES
Information campaigns
Joint enforcement actions
Mandate to revise/develop relevant testing methods (e.g. abrasion)
Online labelling
Mandatory labelling of tyres delivered with vehicles at all times
Require label to be provided for C3 tyres
Require label to be provided to end-users in case of purchase through
leasing contracts or as part of a fleet solution
8. Mandatory inclusion of snow performance on the label
9. Mandatory inclusion of ice performance on label
10. Re-adjustment of the label classes
11. Tyre registration database
12. Technical documentation and product fiche content
13. Amendment of current Annex V on test method for wet grip of C1 tyres
14. Amendment of current Annex IVa on laboratory alignment procedure for
the measurement of Rolling Resistance Coefficient (RRC)
15. Extension of the type approval process to include label declaration
The preferred option is estimated to result in the following administrative costs.
42
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1896112_0043.png
Table 21: Overview of administrative costs (all costs are direct costs) compared to
baseline.
II. Overview of costs (million EUR)
–
Preferred option
Options
Manufacturers
Retailers
Member States
Information campaigns
10
(only once)
Joint enforcement
0.02 per year
actions
Online labelling
3
(only once)
Labelling of tyres
50 per year
104
delivered with vehicles
Provision of label for C3
6 per year
105
tyres
Mandatory inclusion of
snow and ice
performance
Re-adjustment of the
40
30
106
label classes
(only once)
(only once)
Tyre registration
0.25 per year
database
Content of technical
documentation and
product fiche
Amendment of
measurement methods
in Annex IVa and V
Extension of type
approval procedure
Total
120 per year
107
EU/Commission
2
(only once)
0,5-1 per year
0.1 (only once)
and 0.01 per
year
0.65 per year
0.02 per year
13 (only once)
0,5-1 (per year)
2,1 (only once)
127 per year
50 per year
40 only once
30 only once
Source: Based on calculations by Viegand Maagøe
8.2. Sensitivity assessment of the preferred option
Although 75% of those questioned in the consumer survey said that their confidence in
the label would influence their purchasing decisions, there is no quantitative evidence of
the effect of the label on consumer behaviour. Quantitative data on compliance rates
was also difficult to obtain. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis is presented below to assess
the impact of the lack of data.
8.2.1.
Compliance rate
In the modelling of the preferred option, the compliance rate is expected to increase, which in
turn is expected to cause decreases in fuel consumption, traffic accident severity and noise
levels. In particular, the specific options of extension of the type approval accredited testing,
104
105
Retailers of vehicles
Manufacturers of C3 tyres
106
Cost per readjustment; if the label is re-adjusted again after for instance 10 years, cost for readjustment
will appear again
107
For provision of product information sheet
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joint enforcement actions, the tyre registration database and definition of the technical
documentation and product information sheet content are expected to increase compliance
rates.
In the BAU scenario a non-compliance rate of 15% is assumed, with non-compliant tyres
expected to be on average two classes below their label value. In the preferred option, the
non-compliance rate is assumed to decrease to 7% with non-compliant tyres on average being
one class lower than the label value. This change is due to the collective effect of all of the
above-mentioned specific options. In all scenarios it is assumed that the rate of non-
compliance is the same for all three label parameters.
Since the non-compliance rate is based largely on assumptions for both the BAU
108
scenario
and the preferred option, and the compliance rate has a large effect on the impact, a sensitivity
assessment was conducted to address this uncertainty.
In the preferred option the non-compliance rate was varied between 0% (ideal scenario) and
15% (BAU) for all three label parameters with average non-compliance magnitudes of one
and two classes.
For the total energy consumption, the correlation with the compliance rate is:
2.6 PJ/year in 2030 per %-point change for 1 class non-compliance;
5.2 PJ/year in 2030 per %-point change for 2 classes of non-compliance.
9.1 million euro/year in 2030 per %-point change for 1 class non-compliance. The
maximum difference (from 0% to 15% non-compliance) was 11 fatalities and 500
severe accidents;
18.6 million euro/year in 2030 per %-point change for 2 classes non-compliance. The
maximum difference (from 0% to 15% non-compliance) was 22 fatalities and 1000
severe accidents.
For the safety cost, the correlation with the compliance rate is:
For noise, the correlation cannot
be made by noise class (number of “soundwaves” on the
label), since the class depends on tyre size and type. Instead, the sensitivity analysis was
based on dB values and the correlation to compliance rate is:
0.01 dB in average value per %-point change for in non-compliance.
If only half of the expected improvement in the non-compliance rate would be achieved,
compared to the preferred option, the result would be:
24.5 PJ less fuel savings in 2030, corresponding to 19% less than the total savings in
the preferred option (129 PJ/year in 2030);
88 million euro less in health cost savings in 2030, corresponding to 12% of the total
savings in the preferred option (718 million euro in 2030);
0.05 dB higher noise levels on average, corresponding to around 10% of average
values for all tyre types. The resulting values, however, depend highly on tyre size and
type.
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Non-compliance rates of around 15% were reported but it was not specified for which parameter and
how many classes the non-compliance was on average.
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8.2.2.
Consumer behaviour
In the modelling of the preferred option, consumers are assumed to react to the label
information by purchasing better performing tyres. Specifically, the options related to online
labelling, information campaigns and the product registration database are expected to
increase label awareness
109
. The impact of the policy option is based on the number of end
users purchasing better tyres, which is determined from a combination of the following
parameters:
Potential increase in awareness from awareness raising campaigns (59%)
110
Number of end users purchasing tyres online (21%)
111
Number of end users consulting the product database for information (51%)
112
Furthermore, the share of respondents in the 2016 consumer survey who rated each parameter
as “very important” is assumed to be affected by the label on that specific parameter:
Rolling resistance (efficiency): 34%
Wet grip (safety): 62%
Noise: 21%
The combination of the above parameters was used to determine the share of end users
affected by increased information provision for each parameter. The affected share in the
preferred option (Policy option 4) for each parameter is:
9% of end users would buy a tyre with better rolling resistance performance
17% of end users would buy a tyre with better wet grip performance
6% of end users would buy a tyre with better noise performance
Since the underlying assumptions for the effect of increased information is based on a single
questionnaire and end users might react differently in real life or refrain from purchasing
better performing tyres due to increased prices, a sensitivity assessment was made for the
information effect for each parameter. In this sensitivity analysis, the affected share of end
users was varied for each parameter and plotted against the impact.
The resulting correlation shows that the total impact of the preferred option is not very
sensitive to consumer behaviour compared to the compliance rate.
For fuel efficiency, the correlation was 2.5 PJ/year per %-point of users choosing
differently. This means that if, for example, only half as many end users as assumed in
the preferred option were to buy more fuel efficient tyres, the annual savings in 2030
would be 17 PJ less, corresponding to 12% of the total fuel savings from the preferred
option in 2030.
For safety (measured as societal health costs), the correlation is 1.42 million euro/year
per %-point of end users choosing differently. If only as many end users as assumed in
the preferred option were to buy tyres with better wet grip, annual societal health cost
109
These specific options are backed up/made possible by simultaneously adapting the measures related to
requiring provision of a label for C3 tyres and in case of purchase through leasing contracts or as part of a fleet
solution.
110
In the 2016 consumer survey 41% of the respondents stated that they knew about the tyre label before
taking the survey. The potential increase in awareness is thus 59%.
111
In the 2016 consumer survey 21% of respondents stated that they would buy tyre online in the future.
112
In the 2016 consumer survey 51% of respondents stated that they would use the online product
registration database to search for information before purchasing new tyres.
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savings in 2030 would be 19 million EUR less, corresponding to 3% of the health cost
savings from the preferred option in 2030.
For noise levels (dB measured values) the correlation for C1 tyres is 0.047 dB per %-
point of end users affected by the noise information. If only half of the users assumed
in the preferred option buy less noisy tyres, the difference in 2030 would be 0.24 dB
on average, corresponding to a dB decrease of 0.34% less than the average noise in the
preferred option. The percentage effect will be the same for C2 and C3 tyres.
8.3. REFIT (simplification and improved efficiency)
Identified possibilities for simplification of legislation and reduction of regulatory costs are:
Product registration database
Establishment and use of a product registration data, where manufacturers are obliged to
upload product information including energy labels and technical documentation (including
test reports), would make it easier and less costly for MSAs to access the required
documentation. In addition, retailers will have easy access to download labels and product
information sheets including electronic versions for labelling of tyres in web shops.
Furthermore, a product registration database could also save time for manufacturers because
they do not have to spend time to handle inquiries from market surveillance authorities about
delivery of technical documentation, etc. On the other hand, manufacturers will face some
extra costs for uploading the necessary information into the database.
The Commission is establishing a product registration database for energy-related products as
required by the new Energy Labelling Framework Regulation. It is anticipated that tyres could
be included in this database and the additional cost for extension of the database is considered
marginal.
Alignment with General Safety Regulation
Both the TLR and the GSR require that tyres are tested according to UN-ECE
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test
standards. However, while the GSR requires an approval by a third party public authority
before the product can be placed on the market, there is no such requirement in the TLR,
according to which manufacturers makes a self-declaration. In both cases, manufacturers are
allowed to do the testing in their own test facilities. In addition, under GSR a Technical
Service can also do the test. To simplify the legislation and at the same time increase the
compliance rates for tyres it is proposed to further align the TLR with the GSR with regard to
certification procedures. Use of third party approval is more burdensome for manufacturers
than self-certification but the manufacturers are already required to have their tyres approved
under the GSR, even if a more thorough (and more expensive) testing is required to establish
the label performance parameters. Therefore, the alignment could somewhat increase the
manufacturers’ costs for testing at an approved testing laboratory, but in return the tyres will
only have to be tested once.
The use of pre-market approval for establishment of the tyre performance parameters on the
label could reduce the need for testing by market surveillance authorities and thereby reduce
Member States’ enforcement costs, because
the test results on which the label information is
based would be more reliable.
Tyre Labelling Regulation/delegated acts
113
UN-ECE: United Nations
–
Economic Commission for Europe
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Currently, Article 11 of the TLR provides that implementing acts are to be used to introduce
information requirements on wet grip for C2 and C3 tyres if suitable testing methods are
available, adapt parameters for snow/ice tyres and to adapt the annexes to technical progress.
It is proposed that TLR should be adapted to the TFEU and that the use of delegated acts in
accordance with Article 290 should be specified. The use of such delegated acts could also
allow amendments to the label itself, in certain circumstances, where appropriate based on
insights/evidence from consumer behavioural testing (for example, if and when suitable
testing methods for abrasion become available). This creates a certain parallel with the
regulatory framework set up for energy-related products under the framework Energy
Labelling Regulation. This would simplify the regulatory process when changes are required
to achieve additional environmental improvements or to add parameters to the label.
The change of the regulatory process will save resources in the European regulatory process
(in the Commission, the European Parliament and the Council) and at Member State level.
Table 22: Qualitative description of cost savings in the preferred option
REFIT Cost Savings
–
Preferred Option(s)
Description
Product registration
database
Amount
80 000
EUR/year
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Comments
Recurrent cost savings for Member State market
surveillance authorities.. Eventually also cost savings for
manufacturers.
Initial marginal costs for the Commission to extend the
database for energy-related products to cover also tyres.
Alignment with General
Safety Regulation
420 000
EUR/year
115
Could require more expensive tests for manufacturers in
approved testing laboratories but in return, they will not
have to carry out further testing. Reduced market
surveillance costs (recurrent savings).
Tyre Labelling Regulation / 110 000 EUR per Will reduce the administrative costs in the EU law-
delegated acts.
delegated act
116
making Institutions and in Member States.
9.
How will actual impacts be monitored and evaluated?
The impact of the new TLR will be evaluated and monitored in a review study to be carried
out 5-10 years after the entry into force of the new Regulation. In the review process, the
impact of the TLR will be compared with the objectives of the Regulation as set out in the
present Impact Assessment.
114
An estimated 1 working day (7.5 hours) is saved per product because the technical documentation will
be easier to obtain. The example further assume that each member state conducts 15 technical documentation
checks per year, and the average labour cost is 25.4 Euro. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-
explained/index.php/Hourly_labour_costs
115
For Member States the need to test will decrease, since the testing will now be done by accredited,
independent laboratories rather than through self-declaration by manufacturers. The number is based on assumed
testing cost of 5000 EUR/test and 3 avoided tests per Member State per year.
116
Assumptions: 1 week saved per MS, 28 weeks saved in European Parliament and Council, 12 weeks saved in
the Commission, labour costs: 40 EUR/hour.
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That review would include market analysis, which will allow the monitoring of the specific
objective of having a well-known and well shown tyre label i.e. shown at all times when tyres
are sold.
A consumer awareness study would also be part of the review, to assess how awareness of the
label, and its impact on purchasing decisions, has improved. To align with general consumer
awareness of energy labelling, the specific objective of having a well-known tyre label should
be measured against the goal of 85% of consumers being aware of the label (which is the
percentage of the Union’s population who recognise the energy label on appliances).
The main monitoring element to verify compliance with the GSR and TLR requirements will
be the tests carried out by national market surveillance authorities. This will check whether
the new requirements have been complied with by suppliers. This monitoring is particularly
relevant to the specific objective of having an adequately enforced tyre label. Reporting by
Member States to the Expert Group on Tyres Labelling
–
Market Surveillance Administrative
Cooperation
117
will provide data regarding market surveillance activities and compliance
rates. Further data will also come from the ongoing MSTyre15 joint surveillance action and
any follow-up projects.
The proposed mandatory product registration database will also be a source of more solid data
to monitor and evaluate progress towards meeting the objectives of the TLR and will provide
data on the distribution of tyre models across the different performance classes. It will also
support market surveillance, which is essential for enforcement of the TLR. Enforcement
would also be aided by requiring Member States to inform the Commission of the penalties
and enforcement mechanisms applicable to infringements of the TLR.
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http://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regexpert/index.cfm?do=groupDetail.groupDetail&groupID=2808&Lang=EN
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