Klima-, Energi- og Forsyningsudvalget 2019-20
KEF Alm.del Bilag 242
Offentligt
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Cost‐optimal levels of mini‐
mum energy performance re‐
quirements in the Danish
Building Regulations
2018-03-09
Søren Aggerholm
Danish Building Research Institute, SBi
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Content
Content ........................................................................................................... 2
 
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 3
 
Main results and conclusions ......................................................................... 5
 
Main results ................................................................................................ 5
 
Conclusions................................................................................................ 8
 
Danish building stock .................................................................................... 10
 
Danish energy supply ................................................................................... 13
 
Danish weather ............................................................................................. 16
 
Danish Building Regulations......................................................................... 18
 
Energy requirements to new buildings..................................................... 19
 
Energy requirements to extensions to buildings ...................................... 21
 
Energy requirements to existing buildings undergoing renovation .......... 23
 
Energy requirements to installations ........................................................ 26
 
Danish energy calculation tool ................................................................. 28
 
Danish heat planning act ......................................................................... 31
 
Reference buildings ...................................................................................... 33
 
Actual energy consumption and savings ...................................................... 34
 
Costs............................................................................................................. 36
 
Discount rate ............................................................................................ 36
 
Energy prices ........................................................................................... 36
 
CO
2
emission ........................................................................................... 38
 
CO
2
emission costs .................................................................................. 39
 
Construction and renovation costs .......................................................... 39
 
Requirements to new buildings .................................................................... 40
 
Single family house .................................................................................. 40
 
Multifamily house ..................................................................................... 46
 
Office building .......................................................................................... 49
 
Sensitivity analysis ................................................................................... 53
 
Requirements to the building envelope elements .................................... 55
 
Renovation of existing buildings ................................................................... 58
 
Single family house 1930 ......................................................................... 59
 
Single family house 1960 ......................................................................... 63
 
Multifamily house 1930 ............................................................................ 68
 
Multifamily house 1960 ............................................................................ 71
 
Office building 1960 ................................................................................. 74
 
Office building 1980 ................................................................................. 77
 
Sensitivity analysis ................................................................................... 79
 
Component requirements ........................................................................ 81
 
References ................................................................................................... 83
 
Appendix: Reference buildings ..................................................................... 85
 
New buildings ........................................................................................... 85
 
Existing buildings ..................................................................................... 89
 
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Introduction
The purpose of this report is to evaluate the energy requirements in the Dan-
ish Building Regulation in relation to the COMMISSION DELEGATED REG-
ULATION (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012 on a comparative method-
ology framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of minimum energy per-
formance requirements for buildings and building elements. The Delegated
Regulation is required in the EPBD (recast): DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU OF
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 19 May 2010
on the energy performance of buildings (recast).
The evaluation is performed by the Danish Building Research Institute on re-
quest from the Danish Transportation, Building and Housing Agency.
The Delegated Regulation requires Member States to set minimum energy
performance requirements for buildings and building elements with a view to
achieving cost-optimal levels. It is up to the Member States to decide
whether the national benchmark used as the final outcome of the cost- opti-
mal calculations is the one calculated for a macroeconomic perspective
(looking at the costs and benefits of energy efficiency investments for the so-
ciety as a whole) or a strictly financial viewpoint (looking only at the invest-
ment itself). National minimum energy performance requirements should not
be more than 15 % lower than the outcome of the cost-optimal results of the
calculation taken as the national benchmark.
The understanding of the Delegated Regulation is supported by a guideline:
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Guidelines accompanying Commission Dele-
gated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012 supplementing Di-
rective 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the
energy performance of buildings by establishing a comparative methodology
framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of minimum energy perfor-
mance requirements for buildings and building elements (2012/C 115/01).
The guidelines are not legally binding, they provide relevant additional infor-
mation to the Member States and reflect accepted principles for the cost cal-
culations required in the context of the Regulation. As such, the guidelines
are intended for facilitating the application of the Regulation. It is the text of
the Regulation which is legally binding and which is directly applicable in the
Member States.
The Danish regulation in question is the Danish Building Regulations 2018,
BR18 introduced 1. January 2018. BR18 can be read at
www.bygningsregle-
mentet.dk
in Danish. BR18 and BR 15 has the same energy requirements,
But BR18 are just significantly restructured.
Denmark has long tradition and experience in evaluating the cost-efficiency
of the energy requirements in the Danish Building Regulations and in analys-
ing the saving potential in relation to tightening the requirements and other
initiatives to improve the energy efficiency of the building stock in practice
both in relation to new buildings, in relation to existing buildings and in rela-
tion to encourage the implementation of energy saving measures in build-
ings and in the habits of building owners and occupants.
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The latest evaluations and analysis are published in:
Energy requirements to new buildings 2015 – Economical Analyses
(SBi 2016:13)
Heating savings in the existing buildings – Potential and economic
(SBi 2017:16)
The effort has focus on the Danish needs and the publications above are in
Danish.
This report on the cost optimality of the energy requirements in the Danish
Building Regulations is an update of the report published in 2013.
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Main results and conclusions
The purpose of the report is to analyse the cost optimality of the energy re-
quirements in the Danish Building Regulations 2018, BR18 to new building
and to existing buildings undergoing major renovation.
The energy requirements in the Danish Building Regulations have by tradi-
tion always been based on the cost and benefits related to the private eco-
nomical or financial perspective. Macro economical calculations have in the
past only been made in addition. The cost optimum used in this report is
thus based on the financial perspective. Due to the energy taxes in Denmark
there is a significant difference between the consumer price and the macro
economical for energy. Energy taxes are also paid by commercial consum-
ers when the energy is used for building operation e.g. heating, lighting, ven-
tilation etc.
In this chapter the main results of the analysis of the cost optimality of the
energy requirements in the Danish Building Regulations 2018 to new build-
ing and to existing buildings undergoing major renovation are summarised
inclusive of also the component requirements and the sensitivity analysis.
The conclusion of the analysis is at the end of the chapter.
Main results
Energy requirements to new buildings
Table 1 summarises the cost optimality of the energy requirements to new
buildings in the Danish Building Regulations 2018, BR18. The gap is in % of
the cost optimum level of requirements in kWh/m
2
ann. primary energy inclu-
sive and exclusive of renewables where relevant. Negative gap indicates the
requirements in the Danish BR 18 being tighter than the cost optimum. BR
18 is the present minimum requirements in the Danish BR 18. B2020 is
Building 2020 - the in BR 18 defined voluntary requirement for the future.
Only the relevant heat supply sources in relation to the Danish heat plan act
is included. For the office building the use of PV can influence the cost opti-
mal point. If solutions both without and with PV is included in the energy
packages calculated both are shown in the table. Solutions with PV are
shown in italic. Fulfillment of Buildings 2020 in general requires use of PV.
Table 1. Cost optimality of the energy requirements to new buildings in the Danish Building Regulations
2018. For the different building types and heat supply the table shows the cost optimum in kWh/m
2
ann.
primary energy and the gap between the cost optimum level and the Danish requirements in %.
Building type
Heat supply
Cost optimal
kWh/m
2
ann.
Single family house
District heating
Heat pump
Multifamily house
Office building
District heating
District heating
Excl. PV
Incl. PV
Weighted average
DK mix
58,7
46,1
39,9
55,9
36,2
Deviation to cost optimal, %
BR 18
- 30/-
40
- 28
- 16/-
13
- 28/-
23
11/
18
- 21
B2020
- 56
- 61
- 26
- 40
-8
- 43
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Requirements to existing buildings undergoing major renovation
Table 2 summarises the cost optimality of the energy requirements in Reno-
vation Class 2 and Renovation Class 1 in the Danish Building Regulations
2018 to existing buildings undergoing major renovation. The figures are for a
building undergoing a complete renovation inclusive of all building elements
except the foundations. Often also e.g. slap on ground will be untouched
even in relation to a major renovation. Fulfillment of Renovation Class 1 in
general requires use of PV.
Table 2. Cost optimality of the energy requirements in the Danish Building Regulations 2018 to existing
buildings undergoing major renovation. For the different building types, year of construction and heat
supply the table shows the cost optimum in kWh/m
2
ann. primary energy and the gap between the cost
optimum level and the Danish requirements in %.
Building type
Heat supply
Cost optimal
kWh/m
2
ann.
Single family, 1930
District heating
Natural gas
Heat pump
Single family, 1960
District heating
Natural gas
Heat pump
Multifamily, 1930
Multifamily, 1960
District heating
District heating
Excl. PV
Incl. PV
Office building, 1960
District heating
Excl. PV
Incl. PV
Office building, 1980
District heating
Excl. PV
Incl. PV
Weighted average
DK mix
126,2
146,3
111,4
117,7
132,1
93,6
55,3
60,2
58,5
66,2
58,8
67,7
60,3
Deviation to cost optimal, %
Class 2
5
4
10
10
10
20
89
48
52
46
65
15
29
30
Class 1
-
58
- 46
- 49
-
51
- 48
-
39
-
9
-
17
- 15
-
7
5
-
1
11
- 28
Primary energy demand
Table 3 summarises the primary energy demand in kWh/m
2
ann. for the dif-
ferent building types and heat supply fulfilling the energy requirements to
new buildings in the Danish Building Regulations 2018. The primary energy
factor for the energy supply’s is as today (2016). Solutions without PV are
shown in normal text and solutions with PV are shown in italic.
Table 3. Primary energy demand in kWh/m
2
ann. for the different building types and heat supply fulfilling
the energy requirements to new buildings in the Danish Building Regulations 2018.
Building type
Heat supply
Primary energy in kWh/m
2
ann.
BR 18
Single family house
District heating
Heat pump
Multifamily house
Office building
District heating
District heating
40,9/35,5
33,5
33,5/34,7
40,0/42,7
B2020
25,9
18,2
30,1
33,4
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Table 4 summarises in the same way the primary energy demand inclusive
of renewables in kWh/m
2
ann. for the different building types, year of con-
struction and heat supply fulfilling the energy requirements in the Danish
Building Regulations 2018 to existing buildings undergoing major renovation.
Starting point indicated is for a typical nearly untouched building only having
been improved in the past with double pane windows, a little loft or roof insu-
lation and improvement or replacement of installations.
Table 4. Primary energy demand in kWh/m
2
ann. for the different building types, year of construction
and heat supply fulfilling the energy requirements in the Danish Building Regulations 2018 to existing
buildings undergoing major renovation.
Building type
Heat supply
Starting point
kWh/m
2
ann.
Single family house,
1930
District heating
Natural gas
Heat pump
Single family house,
1960
District heating
Natural gas
Heat pump
Multifamily house, 1930 District heating
Multifamily house, 1960 District heating
Office building, 1960
Office building, 1980
District heating
District heating
269,1
303,3
265,9
165,5
184,2
141,4
142,9
109,8
128,4
108,1
Primary energy in kWh/m
2
ann.
Class 2
131,9
152,7
122,4
129,2
144,7
112,4
104,4
89,2
96,7
77,8
Class 1
52,4
78,3
56,7
57,9
69,2
57,0
50,1
49,7
61,6
66,8
Component requirements to the envelope in new buildings
The component requirements to the building envelope elements in new
buildings show gaps to cost optimality in the range of 2 - 117 %. This gives
the designer a wide flexibility to select the design of the building. The energy
efficiency of the building as such is anyhow controlled by the energy frame
requirement.
The heat loss itself is also controlled by the requirement to the total heat loss
from the building envelope exclusive of windows and doors. In the three new
reference buildings the difference to cost optimality for the individual building
elements in the envelope are in the range from a gap of 25 % to an exces-
sive tightness of 33 % for the buildings complying with the 2018 requirement.
For the new buildings complying with the Building 2020 requirement the indi-
vidual building elements in the envelope are in the range from a gap of 25 %
to an excessive tightness of 43 %
Component requirements to existing buildings undergoing renovation
In relation to component requirements to building envelope elements under-
going renovation the difference to cost optimality for the individual building
elements in the envelope are in the range from a gap of 50 % to an exces-
sive tightness of 23 %. The larges gap relates to insulation of parallel roof
and whether the additional construction height is cost efficient.
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Sensitivity analysis
The sensitivity analysis shows that higher energy price development or
higher financial interest rate development has very small influence on the lo-
cation of the cost optimal point. There is a very small tendency for the cost
optimum to be moved to a higher energy efficiency level (lower primary en-
ergy consumption) if there is an additional energy price increase. The oppo-
site is the case if the rates increase, without being followed by the energy
price. The change is less than the resolution in energy efficiency for building
due to the steps in energy efficiency coming from the steps in energy solu-
tions e.g. related to available insulation thickness.
PV
PV are in general not cost efficient today in the small building, but are cost
efficient in the larger building with a large solar exposed roof and a signifi-
cant electricity consumption measured by one meter e.g. in medium size of-
fice buildings and in large residential with common ned of power for light and
mechanical ventilation.
Conclusions
New buildings
In relation to the new housing examples the present minimum energy re-
quirements in BR 18 all shows gaps that are negative with a deviation of up
till 30 % from the point of cost optimality if PV is not part of the energy solu-
tion and uptill 40 % if PV is part of the solution. In relation to Buildings 2020
the negative gap increases up till maximal 56 %. PV is in all examples
needed to fulfill the Buildings 2020 requirement.
In relation to the new office building there is a gap of 11 or 18 % to the point
of cost optimality in relation to the 2018 requirement if the cost optimal point
is calculated inclusive of PV. In relation to the Buildings 2020 requirement
there are negative gaps to the point of cost optimality of 8 % if the cost opti-
mal point is calculated inclusive of PV and 40 % if the cost optimal point is
calculated exclusive of PV.
If the gaps for all the new buildings are weighted to an average based on
mix of building types and heat supply for new buildings in Denmark there is a
negative gap of - 21 % in average for the new building fulfillling the energy
requirements in BR18. The negative gap increases to - 43 % in relation to
the Building 2020 energy requirements.
Component requirements
The component requirement to building elements in the envelope of new
building opens for very wide flexibility to the design of the building. It might
be relevant to consider if some of the component requirements should be
tightened to ensure the reasonable insulation of all elements in the envelope
of new buildings. The requirement to the heat loss from the building enve-
lope exclusive of windows and door are in better balance with cost optimal-
ity.
PV
PV can if there is a large solar exposed roof be cost beneficial in some build-
ings today. This creates new possibility for cost efficiency, but also a signifi-
cant unsertanty in setting general cost efficiency energy requirements to be
used for all building independent of size and solar exposior.
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Existing buildings
Component requirements
The component requirements are in average close to the point of cost opti-
mal. But deviations occurs for some components. It could be considered to
tighten the requirement to insulation in the cases of major deviation e.g. the
case of parallel roofs.
Major renovation
In relation to the requirements in Renovation Class 2 to major renovation the
gap between requirements and cost optimality are in general too large. The
requirements has to be tightened at least with the focus on large buildings.
The requirements in Renovation Class 1 are past the point of cost optimal.
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Danish building stock
The information on the Danish building stock is based on data in the Danish
Building and Housing Register, BBR. The national register was established
in 1976 based on data from local registers. Selected aggregated data from
BBR is available in English from Danish Statistics in the Statistical Yearbook
and on www.statistikbanken.dk.
Gross floor area of different building types in the Danish building stock. Last year included are buildings
constructed in 2017.
Building type
Farm houses
Detached single family houses
Row houses
Apartment blocks
Student residence
Residential home
Other housing
Administrative and commercial buildings etc.
Hotel, restaurant etc.
Transport and commerce etc.
Museum, church, library etc.
Education and research etc.
Hospitals etc..
Day-care institutions
Other institutions
Total
Gross floor area in 1.000 m
2
:
- 2009
21.457
158.022
35.525
83.869
1.415
4.240
551
57.436
6.340
732
4.887
21.895
4.398
3.341
1.237
405.345
2010 -
462
4.850
1.884
2.710
98
632
36
4.826
360
47
233
1.095
384
242
50
17.909
In the statistics for the Danish building stock in this section of the report the
term Single family houses includes Farm houses, Detached single family
houses and Row houses. Multifamily houses includes Apartment blocks,
Student residence, Residential home and Other housing. The term Office
buildings includes all other types of non-dwelling listed in the table. Summer
houses, workshops and industrial buildings are not included in this statistics
of the building stock.
Overview of the Danish building stock
Building type
Single family houses
Multifamily houses
Office buildings etc.
Total
No. buildings
1.465.720
103.347
139.490
1.708.557
No. dwellings
1.635.676
1.157.916
-
2.793.592
Gross floor area, 1000 m
2
222.236
93.610
107.569
423.415
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Construction year for the Danish building stock for each of the three lump building types: Single family
houses, Multi family houses and Offices. The percentage is per each of the three lump building types.
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Heating supply in existing single family houses inclusiv of recently constructed single family houses.
Heating supply in existing multifamily houses inclusive of recently constructed multifamily houses.
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Danish energy supply
The general Danish energy policy is briefly described in: "Denmark's Energy
and Climate Outlook 2017" published by the Danish Energy Agency in
March 2017.
The information on the present Danish energy supply system in this chapter
is based on data from the Danish Energy Statistics 2016.
Share of CHP in the Danish district heating production.
Fuels in the Danish district heating production.
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Fuels in the Danish electricity production.
Fuel types in the Danish energy supply system and use of fossil fuel for extraction. Extraction is in per-
centage of extracted energy.
Fuel
Renewable:
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Hydro
Biogas
Biomass:
- Straw
- Wood
- Bio oil
- Waste - renewable
Heatpump
Fossil fuels
Waste - non renewable
Oil
Natural gas
Coal
10
10
10
20
10
0
0
0
0
10
10
Extraction in %
Extraction is not included in the Danish energy statistics except for natural
gas produced in the Danish area of the North Sea.
The figures from the Danish energy statistic used to calculate the primary
energy factors and the CO
2
-emission rates are adjusted to include the fossil
fuel used for extraction of the fuel.
A heating efficiency of 200 % is used to calculate the energy need for heat-
ing in relation to CHP production in district heating and power supply sys-
tems. The 200 % efficiency is close to the figures calculated for the systems
using more detailed exergy calculations.
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Total primary energy factor, fossil energy factor and CO
2
-emission rate in kg-CO
2
/MWh for the energy
supply to Danish building. National average values for Denmark. Inclusive of energy used to extract the
fuels. 2016.
Fuel
Natural gas
District heating
Electricity
Total primary
energy factor
1,10
0,94
2,31
Fuel factor
1,10
0,85
2,08
Fossil energy
factor
1,10
0,50
1,29
CO
2
-emission
kg-CO2/MWh
225
104
329
Development in total primary energy factor and fossil energy factor for district heating over the past
years.
Development in total primary energy factor and fossil energy factor for electricity over the past years.
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Danish weather
All Denmark is one climate zone. The information on the Danish weather is
from the Danish Design Reference Year, DRY.
Weather data in the Danish design reference year, DRY.
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Year
Average external
temperature C
0,7
0,4
- 0,7
7,1
11,5
14,2
17,8
17,9
14,5
9,8
3,4
0,7
8,1
Avg. min. ext.
temperature C
- 1,3
- 1,2
- 4,1
3,5
7,3
9,5
12,5
13,5
10,9
7,0
1,5
- 1,3
Avg. max. ext.
temperature C
2,3
2,0
2,3
10,8
15,4
18,2
22,3
22,2
18,0
12,1
5,1
2,2
Global solar radia-
tion kWh/m
2
13
31
73
123
159
159
158
139
94
50
17
10
1.026
External temperature in the Danish design reference year, DRY.
16
The traditional Danish heating degree-days are measured to an internal
base temperature of 17 C. The counting of degree-days starts when the ex-
ternal average daily temperature in 3 days continuously are below 12 C and
stops when the external average daily temperature in 3 days continuously
are above 10 C. Based on the years 1941-1980 the heating period are 233
days from September 24 to May 14. Based on that method there are is 2906
degree-days per annum.
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The typical room temperature in the building stock are in average anticipated
to be 20 C. To calculate the average heat loss through the building envelope
3 x 233 degree-days has to be added ending with approx. 3.600 degree-
days per annum.
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Danish Building Regulations
Building regulations 2015, BR 15 was in force until 1. January 2018 where a
new Building Regulations 2018, BR 18 was put into force. There is a half
year transition period until 1. July 2018, where BR 15 can still be used for
building permit requests, if the building owner decides so. The requirements
in the two regulations are the same. But the editorial structure, the number-
ing and the administrative provisions are significant different in the new BR
18 regulations. For the rest of the report reference will only be made to
BR18.
The relevant sections of the Danish Building Regulations 2018, BR 18 in-
cluding the energy requirements to new building and to existing buildings un-
dergoing renovation in relation to the Delegated Regulations are:
Energy requirements to new building:
Energy consumption
Energy performance frameworks in new buildings
Change of use and extensions
Energy requirements to existing building undergoing renovation:
Energy consumption
Energy performance frameworks in existing buildings
Change of use and extensions
Conversion and other alterations to the building and replacement of
boilers etc.
Energy requirements to installations relevant to both new buildings and to
existing buildings undergoing renovation:
Indoor climate
Ventilation
Light conditions
Energy consumption
General
Minimum thermal insulation
Services
General
Distribution systems for heating, cooling and domestic hot water
Ventilation systems
Combustion plants and exhaust systems
Solar heating systems, solar photovoltaic arrays, cooling systems
and heat pumps.
The core energy requirements in BR18 to new building and to existing build-
ings undergoing renovation are summarised on the following pages.
There are also energy requirement in BR18 to holiday homes and temporary
portable cabins. These types of building are not included in the Delegated
Regulations and are exemted from the EPBD, and will not be addressed in
this report. The same goes for the energy requirements to lifts, the require-
ment to perform energy labelling of new and existing buildings and the re-
quirement to install meters on building level, per flat and for individual meters
for hot water production, heating of air and fan power in ventilation plants,
heat pumps, lifts, comfort cooling systems, cooling of servers and server
rooms.
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The regulation in relation to availability and requirements in relation to heat-
ing supply to buildings are in the Danish Heat Planning act, see last section
of this chapter.
Energy requirements to new buildings
In the case of dwellings, student accommodation, hotels etc., the total de-
mand of the building for energy supply for heating, ventilation, cooling and
domestic hot water per m² of heated floor area must not exceed (30 +
1000/A) kWh/m²/year, where A is the heated floor area. By ”Heated floor
area” means the total floor area of the storeys or parts thereof which are
heated.
For offices, schools, institutions etc., the total demand of the building for en-
ergy supply for heating, ventilation, cooling and domestic hot water and light-
ing per m² of heated floor area must not exceed (41 + 1000/A) kWh/m²/year,
where A is the heated floor area.
In the case of buildings or building sections whose requirements include, for
example, a high level of lighting, extra ventilation and high consumption of
domestic hot water, or which are used for extended periods, or buildings with
high ceilings, the energy performance framework must be increased by the
resulting calculated energy consumption. This is a flexabel method to ad-
dress different building types and conditions. Process energy such as venti-
lation of fume cabinets is not included in the energy performance framework.
Buildings heated to more than 5°C and up to 15°C must fulfil the same en-
ergy performance framework as office buildings. Regardless of temperature
level, the energy performance framework must be determined using an in-
door temperature of 15°C.
Calculations must take account of solar heat gain, internal heat gains and
the heat accumulating properties of the building. Verification must be on the
basis of a simplified calculation method, using monthly average weather
data etc. Verification must be on the basis of SBi Guidelines 213,
“Bygningers energibehov” [Energy demands of buildings].
Buildings must be built such that the design transmission loss does not ex-
ceed 4 W per m² of the building envelope in the case of single-storey build-
ings, 5 W for two-storey buildings and 6 W for buildings with three storeys or
more. The calculation does not include the area of windows and doors nor
the transmission loss through them.
Insulation of individual building elements in the building envelope must be at
least on a par with the values stated in table on next page
The calculation of transmission areas, transmission loss and heat loss
framework must use the DS 418, Code of Practice, Calculation of heat loss
from buildings. The insulation properties of materials must be determined in
accordance with relevant DS/EN standards.
Air changes through leakage in the building envelope must not exceed 1.0
l/s/m² of the heated floor area when tested at a pressure of 50 Pa. The result
of the pressure test must be expressed as the average of measurements us-
ing overpressure and under-pressure. Testing of air changes must be deter-
mined on the basis of DS/EN ISO 9972, Thermal performance of buildings –
Determination of air permeability of buildings –Fan pressurisation method.
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Minimum thermal insulation in new buildings
Table of U values
External walls and basement walls in contact with the soil.
Suspended upper floors and partitions to rooms/spaces
that are unheated or heated to a temperature more than 8
K lower than the temperature in the room/space con-
cerned.
Ground slabs, basement floors in contact with the soil and
suspended upper floors above open air or a ventilated
crawl space.
Suspended floors below floors with floor heating adjoining
heated rooms/spaces.
Ceiling and roof structures, including jamb walls, flat roofs
and sloping walls directly adjoining the roof.
External doors, rooflights, doors and hatches to the out-
side or to rooms/spaces that are unheated and these as
well as glass walls and windows to rooms that are heated
to a temperature more than 5 K below the temperature
in the room concerned.
Table of linear losses
Foundations around rooms/spaces that are heated to a
minimum of 5°C.
Foundations around floors with floor heating.
Joint between external wall and windows or external
doors and hatches
Joint between roof structure and rooflights or skylight
domes.
U value
W/m² K
0.30
0.40
0.20
0.50
0.20
1.80
Linear loss
W/mK
0.40
0.20
0.06
0.20
Building class 2020
Dwellings, student accommodation, hotels, etc. may be classified as a build-
ing class 2020 when the total demand for energy supply for heating, ventila-
tion, cooling and domestic hot water per m² of heated floor area does not ex-
ceed 20 kWh/m²/year.
Offices, schools, institutions and other buildings not covered above may be
classified as building class 2020 when the total demand for energy supply
for heating, ventilation, cooling, domestic hot water and lighting per m²
heated floor area does not exceed 25 kWh/m²/year.
Class 2020 buildings must be built such that the design transmission loss
does not exceed 3,7 W per m² of the building envelope in the case of single-
storey buildings, 4,7 W for two-storey buildings and 5,7 W for buildings with
three storeys or more.
Air changes through leakage in the envelope in class 2020 buildings must
not exceed 0.5 l/s/m² of the heated floor area when tested at a pressure of
50 Pa.
In class 2020 buildings there are also tighter energy requirements to win-
dows, roof lights, skylight domes, doors, hatches and gates. There are also
tighter requirements to the indoor climate in relation to daylight access, sum-
mer comfort and air quality.
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Energy requirements to extensions to buildings
The energy requirements to extensions to buildings are also used as re-
quirements in case of change of use and in case of conversion associated
with a change of use.
The provisions described in this section may be used for small extensions,
change of use and conversion associated with a change of use as an alter-
native to the basic provisions described for new building in the previous sec-
tion.
“Change of use” means use for a different purpose that involves significantly
higher energy consumption. Examples are:
– conversion of an unheated building for accommodation.
– conversion of useable roof space for accommodation.
A new loft or new dwellings on flat roofs are extensions.
Thermal insulation of building elements around rooms/spaces that are nor-
mally heated to a minimum of 15°C must have a heat loss of no more than
as stated in the column marked temperature T > 15°C; the limit for building
elements around rooms/spaces that are normally heated to more than 5°C
and up to 15°C is as stated in the relevant column, see table on next page.
For windows, doors, hatches, roof lights and skylight domes, the U-values
for the actual size apply.
The use of the U values and linear losses stated for extensions heated to no
less than 15°C is subject to the total area of windows and external doors, in-
cluding roof lights and skylight domes, glass walls and hatches to the out-
side comprising no more than 22 % of heated floor area in the extension.
In the case of a change of use, constructional conditions may prevent full
compliance. The shortfall in efficiency must be compensated for by other en-
ergy solutions. It may, for example, be difficult to comply with the require-
ments for linear loss for existing windows and foundations. By way of alter-
native, a corresponding amount of energy can be saved, for example by ad-
ditional insulation or installation of solar heating, a heat pump or solar photo-
voltaic cells.
Structural alterations that increase energy consumption may be carried out
provided that compensatory energy savings are made. This provision ap-
plies, for example, to fit new windows to a facade or roof. The reduced en-
ergy performance is compensated for by, for example, extra insulation, solar
heating, a heat pump or solar photovoltaic cells.
Heat loss framework for extensions. U values and linear losses for exten-
sions heated to no less than 15°C can be altered and window areas etc. in-
creased, provided that heat loss from the extension is not greater than if the
specific requirements were satisfied.
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Minimum thermal insulation in extensions
Table of U values
Rooms/spaces heated to
External walls and basement walls in contact
with the soil.
Partition walls and suspended upper floors ad-
joining rooms/spaces that are unheated or
heated to a temperature more than 5 K lower
than the temperature in the room/space con-
cerned.
Ground slabs, basement floors in contact with
the soil and
suspended upper floors above open air or a
ventilated crawl
space.
Ceiling and roof structures, including jamb
walls, flat roofs and sloping walls directly ad-
joining the roof.
Windows, including glass walls, external doors
and hatches to the outside or to rooms/spaces
that are unheated or heated to a temperature
more than 5 K below the temperature in the
room/space concerned (does not apply to ven-
tilation openings of less than 500 cm²).
Roof lights and skylight domes.
Table of linear losses
Foundations around floors with floor heating.
Joint between external wall and windows or
external doors and hatches
Joint between roof structure and roof lights or
skylight domes.
W/m² K
T > 15°C
0,15
0,40
5°C< T <
15°C
0,25
0,40
0,10
0,15
0,10
0,15
1,40
1,50
1,70
W/m K
0,12
0,03
0,10
1,80
0,20
0,03
0,10
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Energy requirements to existing buildings undergoing renovation
The energy requirements to existing buildings undergoing renovation are ei-
ther to the building as such or to the individual building elements.
Energy frame for existing buildings
As an alternative to the component requirements for existing buildings, the
requirements for conversion may be met through compliance with the energy
performance frameworks for existing buildings.
Dwellings, student accommodation, hotels, etc. may be classified as renova-
tion class 2 when the total demand for energy supply for heating, ventilation,
cooling and domestic hot water per m² of heated floor area does not exceed
(110 + 3200/A)kWh/m² per year, where A is the heated floor area.
Dwellings, student accommodation, hotels, etc. may be classified as renova-
tion class 1 when the total demand for energy supply for heating, ventilation,
cooling and domestic hot water per m² of heated floor area does not exceed
(52.5 + 1650/A)kWh/m² per year, where A is the heated floor area.
Offices, schools, institutions, etc. may be classified as renovation class 2
when the total demand for energy supply for heating, ventilation, cooling, do-
mestic hot water and lighting per m² of heated floor area does not exceed
(135 + 3200/A)kWh/m² per year, where A is the heated floor area.
Offices, schools, institutions, etc. may be classified as renovation class 1
when the total demand for energy supply for heating, ventilation, cooling, do-
mestic hot water and lighting per m² of heated floor area does not exceed
(71.3 + 1650/A)kWh/m² per year, where A is the heated floor area.
To use the renovation classes, the requirement for supplied energy must be
improved by at least 30 kWh/m² as at year.
Component requirements
Buildings elements are both construction elements and windows in the build-
ing envelope and installation elements e.g. ventilation system, boiler or heat
pump.
For the construction elements in the envelope of existing buildings the regu-
lation distinguishes between:
renovation of existing elements
new elements.
The requirements to new construction elements in the building envelope are
both in the case where an existing element is replaced by a new element
and in the case where a new element is introduced without replacing an ex-
isting element. Example of replacements could be if the old roof is taken
down (e.g. because of rot or after a fire) and a complete new roof is con-
structed. Example of new element being introduced could be if a light weight
external wall element is replaced by cavity wall.
In the case of replacement of elements or introduction of new elements the
requirements to construction elements in the building envelope described in
this section must be implemented, even if they may not be cost-effective.
In the case of renovation of existing construction elements in the building en-
velope considerations to cost-effectiveness can be taken. Examples of
works where cost-effective insulation must be installed are:
laying of new felt roof in the form of a new roof membrane or top felt
on an existing roof
a new tiled roof
a new steel sheet roof on top of an old felted roof or a roof of fibre
cement sheets
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Requirements to new windows (described in this section) and to replaced or
new installation elements (described in the next section) must be imple-
mented, even if they may not be cost-effective.
Requirements to insulation of the building envelope and linear losses in relation to existing buildings un-
dergoing renovation.
Table of U values
External walls and basement walls in contact with the soil.
Partition walls and suspended upper floors adjoining
rooms/spaces that are unheated or heated to a tempera-
ture more than 5 K lower than the temperature in the
room concerned.
Ground slabs, basement floors in contact with the soil and
suspended upper floors above open air or a ventilated
crawl space.
Ceiling and roof structures, including jamb walls, flat roofs
and sloping walls directly adjoining the roof.
External doors, roof lights and hatches.
Table of linear losses
Foundations.
Joint between external wall and windows or external
doors and hatches
Joint between roof structure and roof lights or skylight
domes.
U value
W/m² K
0,20
0,40
0,12
0,15
1,65
Linear loss
W/m K
0,12
0,03
0,10
Cost-effective energy savings
A separate guideline to BR18 lists solutions that are often cost-effective
when carried out as part of a renovation or replacement. It only includes ma-
terials and labour for the energy-saving work and not, for example, costs of
roofing, scaffolding or other costs that would be associated with completion if
the work were not part of a renovation.
There may be conditions in a specific building which mean that insulation
works are difficult to implement, so the work may not be viable. The same
applies if, for example, very cheap energy in the form of one’s own straw or
wood is used. If the cost-effectiveness of the work is calculated as: (lifetime
x savings)/investment < 1.33 the work is not cost-effective. The owner is
therefore not obliged to implement the work. A table in BR18 lists the lifetime
of different energy-saving works.
Constructional factors may render cost-effective compliance with the provi-
sions impossible without detriment to moisture resistance. There may, how-
ever, be less extensive work whereby energy demand can be reduced. If so,
it is this work which is to be carried out. Cavity wall insulation is an example
of a measure that does not comply with the requirement. Compliance will re-
quire external retro-fitted insulation with a new weather shield. This may not
be cost-effective in this particular case, whereas cavity wall insulation, which
is less extensive work, may be highly cost-effective. Cavity wall insulation
must therefore be installed.
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Lifetimes that can be used to calculate cost-effectiveness:
Energy-saving measure
Retro-fitted insulation to building elements
Windows with secondary windows and coupled frames
Heating systems, radiators and floor heating and venti-
lation ducts and fittings including insulation
Heat appliances etc., for example boilers, heat pumps,
solar heating systems, ventilation units
Light fittings
Automation for heating and climatic control equipment
Joint sealing works
Years
40
30
30
20
15
15
10
Window, rooflights, doors etc.
When replacing windows and rooflights, the energy gain through the window
in the heating season must not be less than the figures in the table on next
page. Provisions which are expected to be introduced in 2020 are also given
in the table.
The energy gain is calculated as stated in BR18. The requirement applies to
a CEN reference window 1.23 m x 1.48 m fitted with the manufacturer’s
standard pane.
If a window is in the form of a “Dannebrog” type window the requirement for
the reference window is still used, provided the window is fitted with the
manufacturer’s standard pane. In commercial buildings or other buildings
with high solar gain, window replacement can then be combined with, for ex-
ample, external solar screening or solar control glass. There is no restriction
in using noise-reducing and other functional glazing in connection with win-
dow replacement, provided the reference window using the manufacturer’s
standard pane complies with the requirement of energy gain.
Requirements to energy gain through windows and rooflights in kWh/m²/year.
Year
Energy label
Windows
Rooflights
2015
B
-17
0
2020
A
0
10
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Energy requirements to installations
The energy requirements to installations apply to both new buildings and to
existing buildings undergoing renovation.
Heating systems
Heating systems must be designed, built, commissioned and handed over
as required by DS 469, Heating and Cooling systems. DS 469 also includes
requirements to the control of heating and cooling systems inclusive of re-
quirements time control of heating and cooling supply, for individual room
temperature control of heating and cooling to the rooms and for supply tem-
perature control in central heating and cooling systems.
Heating systems must be designed and built for energy-efficient operation. It
must also be ensured that simultaneous cooling and heating do not occur in
the same room/ space.
Circulating pumps in heating, hot water, geothermal heating and cooling sys-
tems must comply with EcoDesign.
Installations must be insulated against heat loss and condensation in ac-
cordance with DS 452, Code of practice for thermal insulation and technical
service and supply systems in buildings.
DS 452 refers the insulation classes in EN 12828 to set the insulation re-
quirements to the different parts of heating, hot water and ventilation sys-
tems. The requirement to insulation in DS 452 is in general tight compared
to requirements or praxis elsewhere.
Ventilation
Single-family houses may be ventilated by natural or mechanical ventilation.
In domestic buildings other than single-family houses the background air
changes in the housing unit must be provided by a ventilation installation
with heat recovery, forced air supply in habitable rooms and extractors from
bathrooms, sanitary conveniences, kitchens and utility rooms. In summer, air
supply may be replaced by fresh air supply through windows, fresh air vents
and the like.
In domestic buildings other than single-family houses with natural ventilation,
demand-controlled ventilation may be used provided that air changes by this
means will be no lower than 0.3 l/s per m².
Exhaust of 20 l/s from kitchens must be possible, and a minimum flow of 15
l/s from bathrooms and rooms containing sanitary conveniences. Exhaust of
10 l/s must be possible from separate rooms containing sanitary conven-
iences, utility rooms and basement rooms.
Rooms in childcare institutions must be ventilated by ventilation installations
comprising both forced air supply and exhaust and heat recovery. The venti-
lation must ensure a good, healthy indoor climate. Fresh air supply and ex-
traction must be no less than 3 l/s/child and no less than 5 l/s/adult plus 0.35
l/s/m² floor area. At the same time, it must be ensured that the CO
2
content
of the indoor air does not exceed 1.000 ppm. for extended periods. If a venti-
lation system with demand-controlled ventilation is used, the specified air
volumes may be deviated from when there is reduced demand.
Teaching rooms in schools etc. must be ventilated by ventilation installations
comprising both forced air supply and exhaust and heat recovery. Fresh air
supply to and extraction from normal teaching rooms must be no less than 5
l/s/person plus 0,35 l/s/m² floor area. At the same time, the CO
2
content in
the indoor air must not exceed 1.000 ppm. for extended periods. If a ventila-
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tion system with demand-controlled ventilation is used, the specified air vol-
umes may deviate from when there is reduced demand. The ventilation dur-
ing the hours of use may, however, not be less than 0,35 l/s per m² floor
area. Where special constructional allowances are in place, for example
greater room volumes per person, the use of several extraction options, in-
cluding cross-ventilation options, the requirement for mechanical ventilation
may be waived provided that a comfortable, healthy indoor climate is main-
tained.
Ventilation units must comply with EcoDesign. Ventilation installations that
supply one dwelling must incorporate heat recovery with a temperature effi-
ciency of no less than 80%.
For ventilation installations with a constant air volume, the power consump-
tion for air movement must not exceed 1800 J/m³ external air. For installa-
tions with a variable air volume, the power consumption for air movement
must not exceed 2100 J/m³ external air at a maximum output and at maxi-
mum pressure drops. For exhaust systems without mechanical air supply,
the specific power consumption for air movement must not exceed 800 J/m³.
“Power consumption for air movement” means the total power consumption
per m
3
of air moved, calculated from air inlet to exhaust outlet. Power con-
sumption for air movement can be calculated for each individual installation
or jointly for several installations in a building.
For ventilation installations with a constant or variable air volume and heat
recovery supplying one dwelling, the power demand for air movement must
not exceed 1000 J/m³ for the mode of operation with the maximum pressure
drop. The installation must be provided with power via a connection that al-
lows power consumption to be measured.
Equipment for humidifying intake air may only be installed if this is warranted
by reasons of safety, production, preservation or health.
Ventilation installations must be installed, commissioned and handed over
as stated in DS 447, Code of practice for mechanical ventilation installations.
These provisions also apply to the construction of ventilation installations in
existing buildings and to the renovation of installations. The requirements for
ventilation installations also apply to single-family houses.
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Danish energy calculation tool
The Danish energy calculation tool is described in: "SBi Direction 213: The
Energy Demand of Buildings - PC application and guidelines for calculations
- Guidelines for Calculations". The PC application includes a calculation core
mandatory to be used in relation to calculation of energy demand in new
building in relation to the Danish Building Regulations and in relation to en-
ergy labeling of new and existing building.
Part of the specification of the energy calculation tool is in BR 18. Example
of this is the energy factors to be used, see table. The decrease of the factor
for district heating and electricity is mainly caused by the expected increase
of wind power in the Danish energy supply system the coming years.
Energy factors to be used in relation to calculating the energy demand of buildings.
Energy type
District heating
Other heating
Electricity
2015
0,8
1,0
2,5
2020
0,6
1,0
1,8
Heat supplied from solar heating systems is subtracted in the heating de-
mand of the building. Electricity from solar panels, PV and from wind power
is subtracted in the electricity demand of the building for operation of building
systems up till a primary energy surplus limit of 25 kWh/m2 ann.
The Danish energy calculation tool prescribes normatively a room tempera-
ture of minimum 20 C in ordinary heated buildings: dwellings, office, institu-
tions etc. Very few - if any - designer uses an internal temperature over 20 C
when they calculate the energy demand for a new building in relation to the
energy frame requirement in BR18. About actual energy consumptions and
room temperatures, see later chapter.
The design temperatures for heating are stated in DS 418 and DS 469 to be:
Internal:
20 C
External:
-12 C
As a new development DS 469 is extended to also cover cooling systems. In
the new version of DS 469 the design temperatures for cooling are:
Internal:
25 C
External:
25 C
As far as possible, the methodology in the Danish calculation tool is based
on the European EPB standards from 2008. The calculations are carried out
on a monthly basis.
Heat demand
The heat demand is calculated in accordance with EN ISO 13790. Determin-
ing the heat demand requires a number of factors to be taken into considera-
tion: the use of solar screening; the length of the heating season; actual re-
covery of part of the heat loss from installations such as boilers, as well as
heating of supply air to attain the necessary supply air temperature.
Cooling requirements
Cooling requirement is also calculated in accordance with ISO 13790. Solar
screening is taken into consideration as well as the cooling effect of extra
ventilation in hours of use and at night in hot summer periods.
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Heat loss from installations
The heat loss from pipes, vessels, district heating units, ventilation ducts,
etc. is in accordance with DS 452. The heat loss from pipes is calculated
based on EN 15316, parts 2.3 and 3.2. Determination of the heat loss takes
into account the temperature of the pipes and of the surroundings. Heat loss
from heating pipes within the building envelope is not included, provided that
the temperature of the pipes or water is regulated according to heat demand
in the building or to the outside temperature. The heat loss from ventilation
ducts and ventilation units within the building envelope is also excluded.
Ventilation ducts and ventilation units outside the building envelope are cal-
culated in the same way as the building envelope, as they are taken to be
heated to normal room temperature. Heat loss from pipes supplying domes-
tic hot water that cools down between flows is not included.
Boilers
The heat loss from boilers and the electrical energy consumption of the
boiler is determined for each month on the basis of the actual conditions.
Determination of loss from boilers takes account of factors such as effi-
ciency, heat loss to the surroundings, the control of boiler temperature, the
production of domestic hot water, as well as the electrical energy consump-
tion of the blower and of automatic controls. It is assumed that the boiler is
turned off in summer if the consumption of domestic hot water is covered in
another way, such as by solar heating or by domestic hot water pumps. Data
for boilers is calculated as specified in EN 15316 part 4.1 method II, and part
3.3.
Heat pumps
The electrical energy consumption of heat pumps is determined on the basis
of the total efficiency, taking account of the heat source and sink tempera-
ture differences, as well as consumption for auxiliary equipment, including
pumps, fans, electric heating elements and automatic controls. The calcula-
tion for heat pumps is to be performed in accordance with the relevant sec-
tions of EN 15316 part 4.2, even though this standard specifies a method by
which a whole year is calculated jointly.
Solar heating
The contribution of solar heating to domestic hot water is determined for
each month on the basis of the actual design of the system, including the
size, orientation and slope of the solar panels. In addition, the electrical en-
ergy consumption for pumps and automatic control is determined. The calcu-
lation of the contribution of solar heating, including its contribution to space
heating, must be specified on the basis of EN 15316 part 4.3.
Pumps
The electrical energy consumption of pumps is determined on the basis of
the nominal output of the pumps, the running time of the installation and the
controls. All pumps in the heating installations must be included in the calcu-
lations, including pumps on the boiler, pumps for the heating and circulation
of domestic hot water, and pumps used for cooling.
Fans
The electrical energy consumption of fans is determined on the basis of the
electric power and the operation hours of the installation.
Cooling machines
The electricity consumption of cooling machines is determined on the basis
of the overall efficiency of consumption for auxiliary equipment, including
pumps, fans, electric heating elements and automatic controls.
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Lighting
The electricity consumption for lighting is calculated in accordance with the
relevant parts of EN 15193-1.
Solar cells
The calculation for solar cells is based on EN 15316 part 4.6.
Consumption of other energy to operate the building
For practical reasons, operating a building involves some minor uses of elec-
tricity that need not be included here. These include electrical energy con-
sumption for elevators; pumps in pressure increasing systems for domestic
water or sprinklers; window opener motors; pumps for heat recovery plates
in ventilation installations; and motors for rotating heat exchangers. In addi-
tion, there is electricity consumption for central automation systems (CTS)
and emergency lighting. The calculation must include electrical energy con-
sumption in any automatic components that are specific to a boiler, a district
heating converter, a solar heating system, a heat pump or the like.
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Danish heat planning act
The objective of the Danish heat planning Act is to promote the most socio-
economic and environmentally friendly utilization of energy for heating build-
ings, supplying them with hot water and reduce the dependency of the en-
ergy system on oil. In agreement with the objectives mentioned, the supply
of heat shall be organised with a view to promoting the highest possible de-
gree of cogeneration of heat and power. For the purpose of the Act, collec-
tive heat-supply plant means any undertaking that operates the below-men-
tioned plants with the object of supplying energy for heating buildings and
supplying them with hot water:
1) plants producing and transmitting other inflammable gasses than
natural gas;
2) plants for transmitting heated water or steam from combined heat
and power plants, waste incineration plants, industrial enterprises,
geothermal installations, etc.;
3) district heating supply plants, solar heating plants, waste-incineration
plants, etc. , including combined heat and power plants with an elec-
tric effect not greater than 25 MW;
4) block heating stations with heat generating capacity exceeding 0.25
MW, including combined heat and power plants with an electricity
output not greater than 25 MW.
It is the duty of each district council, in cooperation with the supply compa-
nies and other involved parties, to prepare a plan for the supply of heat in
the municipality. The Minister for Environment and Energy may direct that
specific preconditions shall form the basis of the planning for the municipal
heat supply, including the basis for decisions made according to this Act.
Each district council shall approve projects for establishing new collective
heat supply plants or for major alterations of existing plants. Producers and
suppliers of piped energy as well as consumers shall upon request furnish
the Minister for Environment and Energy and any relevant district council
with any information deemed necessary for planning the supply of heat in
the municipality. After consultation with the municipal authorities, the Minis-
ter for Environment and Energy may establish regulations on planning pur-
suant and determine how cases shall be dealt with.
Each district council shall ensure that any project for a collective heat supply
for each plant explores the following possibilities:
1) that it supplies a specified area with energy for heating purposes to
a specified extent;
2) that it is designed so as to ensure the most economical utilization of
energy;
3) that its operations are coordinated with those of other plants;
4) that any plant over 1 MW be converted to combined heat and power
production.
5) A district council may order an existing heat-supply plant to imple-
ment an authorised project before a certain deadline.
If it is a precondition in an authorised project pursuant, the district council
can require a collective heat-supply plant:
1) to organize its production facilities in such a way that specified types
of energy can be used in the production and
2) to use certain types of energy in the production to a specified extent.
A district council shall follow developments in connections to the collective
heat-supply system in its municipality. In this regard, an undertaking that
supplies district heating and natural gas shall present to the district council
every other year, a report on connections to the plant.
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If it is presupposed in an authorised project for a collective heat-supply plant,
at the latest when granting planning permission, the district council may di-
rect that when new buildings are taken into use they shall be connected to
the plant. The district council shall approve the conditions for the connection.
If presupposed in an authorised project for a collective heat-supply plant, the
district council may direct that existing buildings shall be connected to the
plant within a certain time limit, i.e. with reference to the natural pace of re-
placement for existing heating installations. The district council shall approve
the terms for the connections.
A district council may require that the owner of a building can be required to
be connected to a collective heat-supply plant, and pay a contribution to the
plant, when it is possible for the building to receive its supply of heat from
the said plant.
In the event that expropriation of property is essential to establish the pipe-
lines and heat-supply equipment needed for an approved collective heat
supply plant, the following may be implemented:
1) the proprietary rights in land, buildings and in fixed installations per-
manently attached to land or buildings and any appurtenances to
such land and buildings may be acquired;
2) the owner’s right of disposal of such real property may be perma-
nently or temporarily restricted, or the right to disposal of real prop-
erty for special purposes may be acquired;
3) rights over real property may be permanently or temporarily acquired
or annulled, or limitations can be made in these areas.
The income brackets when selling hot water, steam or gas to domestic con-
sumers, which are connected to collective heat network, industrial enter-
prises, and combined heat and power producers with capacity exceeding 25
MW as well to geothermal plants, also include necessary expenses for fuel,
wages, and other operational costs, research activities, administrative and
energy delivery costs as well as costs related to public service obligations,
financing expenses and costs of the previous period, which accrued due to
investments implementing or developing the energy networks.
Income brackets may include operational depreciations and appropriations
for reinvestments and interest rate of invested capital with the approval of
the Energy Regulatory Authority. The Minister of Environment and Energy
may establish rules on distribution of cost between electricity production and
heat production on biomass-fuelled combined heat and power plants. The
Minister may establish rules on a maximum price for hot water or steam from
waste incineration plants and may establish rules on distribution of cost be-
tween electricity production and heat production on waste incineration
plants.
The collective heat supply plants can establish different prices for separate
consumers, groups of consumers and geographically delimited areas. The
Minister of Environment and Energy may establish rules on prices for con-
nection of buildings to a collective heat supply plant. Where technically feasi-
ble, the consumer shall start to pay for the utilized hot water, steam and gas,
except for natural gas, to the producer according to the meter, despite of
whether the customer is the owner or a lessee.
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Reference buildings
The Danish reference buildings are from the Collection of Examples on En-
ergy Efficiency in Buildings on
www.bygningsreglementet.dk.
It is the same
reference buildings as was used in the previous Danish Cost Optimal analy-
sis in 2013.
The rule in BR18 on proportional addition to the energy frame for new build-
ing in the case of buildings or building sections whose requirements include,
for example, a high level of lighting, extra ventilation and high consumption
of domestic hot water, or which are used for extended periods, or buildings
with high ceilings excludes the need for additional reference buildings com-
pared to the reference office building.
The rule in BR18 on cost-effectiveness of the energy saving work in existing
buildings undergoing renovation excludes the need for additional reference
buildings compared to the reference office building.
The reference buildings for existing buildings are as they look today without
extensions or renovations. Typical improvements are only adding of double
glazing in windows, a little additional insulation on loft's and improvement or
replacement of installations e.g. boilers, heat pumps, ventilation and lighting
systems to present standard.
The reference buildings are described in further details in the appendix.
Summary of the new reference buildings.
Building type
Heat supply
Single family house
District heating
Heat pump
Multifamily house
Office building
District heating
District heating
1080
3283
3
4
Gross floor area
m2
150
Storey
No.
1
Summary of the reference buildings for existing buildings.
Building type
Heat supply
Gross floor area
m2
Single family house,
1930
District heating
Natural gas
Heat pump
Single family house,
1960
District heating
Natural gas
Heat pump
Multifamily house, 1930 District heating
Multifamily house, 1960 District heating
Office building, 1960
Office building, 1980
District heating
District heating
1664
3640
3283
3283
108
103
Storey
No.
1
1
4
4
4
4
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Actual energy consumption and savings
Room temperature is often lower in poor insulated buildings and higher in
new well insulated buildings.
Measured consumption and calculated energy demand in 3345 single-family houses with natural gas
heating related to the energy label for the house. A1 is best and C5 I poorest. Energy label system
2005.
In new houses and in other new buildings the room temperature is often
higher than 20 C. In houses this is normally the case in the living room when
it is in use. In the bedrooms it is more individual if it is heated or not. The av-
erage room temperature might be 21 C or even 22 C in average in new well
insulated building in the heating season.
In existing houses with poor insulation the room temperature is often lower
than 20 C or some rooms are unheated to reduce the heating costs. If
houses are improved to better insulation level or to higher energy efficiency
it is likely the users will partly convert the energy savings to improved ther-
mal comfort by raising the room temperature. The achieved energy savings
will thus be lower.
In the evaluation of the cost-optimal level of the energy requirements to new
buildings in BR18 an internal temperature of 20 C is used. It compensates
both the higher external temperature in relation to the different in external
temperature between last years and DRY and the higher room temperature
of found in new, well insulated buildings.
In existing single-family houses build before the energy crises in 1973 a
lower internal temperature of 19 C is used to compensate both the lower in-
ternal temperature and the reduction in saving due to raise in room tempera-
ture in relation to the implementation of the energy saving measures.
In existing multifamily houses and in offices, institution etc. and internal tem-
perature of 20 C are used as in the new buildings.
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There are also large differences in energy consumption of individual houses
and dwellings dependent on user habits. This is of course relevant for esti-
mating the financial of energy saving measures for the individual house or
dwelling - but might not matter when setting the general requirements in
building regulations.
Heating consumption in identical semi-detached houses heated by district heating.
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Costs
All costs are in 2017 prices.
Discount rate
The Danish national debt in each of the years 2013-2017 has an interest
rate of 0,0 % p.a. In accordance with the Delegated Regulations (EU) No.
244/2012 a discount rate of 3,0 % p.a. net are in general used to convert the
prices and costs from other years to 2017 price level in relation to the macro-
economic calculations. The discount rate is exclusive of inflation.
The discount rate reflect the financing costs of the actual investments in
question or the economic benefit of alternative investments of the same
money. In some cases the discount rate also includes a "safety" factor based
on the viewpoint: It is safer to delay the investment and see how the situa-
tion and solutions develops - than to invest now. This is a good approach in
most cases where the investment can be done at any time later - but it is not
a good solution in case of adding energy efficiency to a building only being
constructed or renovated one-off.
As an alternative to the discount rate required in the Delegated Regulations
Denmark also use an alternative discount rate of 4,0 % p.a. in the sensitivity
analysis to reflex the rate normally used in Denmark for this type of calcula-
tions.
The housing mortgage interest rate was for the period 1998-2017 in average
2,5 % p.a. and the commercial mortgage interest rate was for the same pe-
riod in average 2,7 % p.a. The mortgage interest rate is subtracted in the
taxation by 30 % in average for private persons e.g. in housing and by 22 %
for commercial business. The inflation rate for the same period was 1,8 %
p.a. The resulting net interest rate for the period 1998-2017 was then 0,7 %
p.a. for private housing and 1,0 % p.a. for commercial. These rates are used
in the calculations. In the sensitivity analysis an alternative interest rate of
3,0 % p.a. is used
Mortgage and inflation are from Danish Statistics and from "Assumptions for
socio-economic analyses in the energy sector - Tables September 2017" by
the Danish Energy Agency. The forecast in the assumptions are based on
the latest prices from IEA in World Energy Outlook and an expectation of the
development in the dollar exchange rate.
Energy prices
The macroeconomic energy prices and price trends are extracted from:
"Assumptions for socio-economic analyses in the energy sector - Tables
September 2017" by the Danish Energy Agency. The tables include projec-
tions for each of the years 2017 - 2040. The projection is in this report con-
verted to a trend in % p.a. for all the years represented in the tables.
The financial energy prices are from the statistics of the Danish Energy Reg-
ulatory Authority, 3. quarter 2017. The price trends on the financial energy
prices are established from the price trend on the macroeconomic energy
prices assuming unchanged energy taxes. The financial prices are inclusive
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of energy taxes, but exclusive of VAT. All consumers pay energy taxes for
heating and electricity to operation of buildings. Only commercial produc-
tions are exempted from energy taxes. VAT will be added separately where
relevant.
The prices don’t include the cost for the future development of the energy
supply system in relation to carbon neutrality. The energy prices in the pe-
riod inclusive of 2017 used in this report is lower than the energy prices in
the previous Danish report on cost optimality from 2013.
Natural gas
Macroeconomic
Gas price 2017:
Price increase the coming years:
174 DKK/MWh
2.7 % p.a.
Figures from Assumptions for socio-economic analyses, Table 6.
Financial
Gas price, 2017:
Price increase the coming years:
514 DKK/MWh
1.3 % p.a.
The variation in natural gas price for different consumers are limited.
District Heating
Price for consumption of energy. Additional cost for connection and sub-
scription are not included. In some cases, subscription relates to needed
max. power or consumption the past years.
Macroeconomic
District Heating price 2017:
Price increase the coming years:
Figures from Varmepriser VEKS 2017 !.
198 DKK/MWh
2.8 % p.a.
Financial
District heating price, 2017:
Price increase the coming years:
391 DKK/MWh
1.9 % p.a.
The variation in the district heating price for different supply areas is large,
see figure on next page. The variation in the district heating price for differ-
ent consumers in the same supply areas is limited.
Electricity
Macroeconomic
Electricity price, private household, 2017:
Price increase the coming years:
Electricity price, commercial, 2017:
Price increase the coming years:
516 DKK/MWh
1.8 % p.a.
394 DKK/MWh
2.2 % p.a.
Figures from Assumptions for socio-economic analyses, Table 7
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Variation in the district heating price for different supply areas.
Financial
Electricity price, private household, 2017:
Price increase the coming years:
Electricity price, private house, electric heating, 2017:
Price increase the coming years:
Electricity price, commercial, 2017:
Price increase the coming years:
1,800 DKK/MWh
0.8 % p.a.
1,295 DKK/MWh
1.0 % p.a.
1,640 DKK/MWh
0.8 % p.a.
CO
2
emission
The CO
2
emissions trend are extracted from: "Assumptions for socio-eco-
nomic analyses in the energy sector - Tables September 2017" by the Dan-
ish Energy Agency and converted to a trend in % p.a. in the same way as
done with the energy prize trend.
Natural gas
Decrease in CO
2
emission the coming years:
0.0 % p.a.
Figures from Assumptions for socio-economic analyses, Table 9.
District Heating
Decrease in CO
2
emission the coming years:
0.0 % p.a.
Figures from Assumptions for socio-economic analyses, Table 10.
Electricity
Decrease in CO
2
emission the coming years:
0.0 % p.a.
Figures from Assumptions for socio-economic analyses, Table 10.
The figures on CO
2
emission the coming years reflex that the assumptions
by the Danish Energy Agency only includes politically decided future devel-
opment of the Energy Supply System and the fact that there is yet no politi-
cal decision on the further improvement of the Energy Supply System in re-
lation to Carbon reduction. Political decisions on this is expected in the first
half of 2018.
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CO
2
emission costs
The CO
2
emissions cost and trend in costs are extracted from: "Assumptions
for socio-economic analyses in the energy sector - Tables September 2017"
by the Danish Energy Agency and adjusted to the EU minimum stated in the
Delegated Regulation before converted to a trend in % p.a. in the same way
as done with the energy prize trend.
CO
2
emission costs, 2017:
Increase in CO
2
emission costs the coming years:
150 DKK/ton-CO
2
5.7 % p.a.
Construction and renovation costs
Construction and renovation costs are in general from Molio Price Data (for-
mer V&S Price Data) if other sources are not mentioned. The Molio Price
Data is operated by Molio (former Byggecentrum) and used by most archi-
tects, engineers and contractors to calculations expected cost of building
projects. The prices include material and labour costs for a large number of
typical works in relation to construction of new buildings and in relation reno-
vation of existing building. The prices are exclusive of building site establish-
ment and operation and exclusive of eventual costs for scaffold. The prices
are inclusive of waste, basic costs and profit. The prices are for Zealand out-
side Copenhagen as an average for the Danish building construction market.
The prices are 5 % higher in Copenhagen and 15 % lower in the North of
Jutland. Prices for different sizes of work can be extracted directly in the da-
tabase. The prices in Molio Price Data are exclusive of VAT. Prices are up-
dated annual.
The Molio Price Data includes several databases, where four are relevant for
this analysis:
Construction of new buildings:
Buildings
Building elements
Renovation of existing buildings:
Buildings
Building elements
The price databases are divided in section. In the case of construction or
renovation of buildings the database is divided in sections according to the
SfB-system for numbering of building elements. The sections are:
1. Building basis
2. Primary building elements
3. Supplements
4. Surfaces
5. Heating and ventilation systems
6. Electric and mechanical systems
7. Fixtures
8. Other building elements
10. Site
11. Design
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Requirements to new buildings
The cost optimal calculations in relation to the requirements to new buildings
are shown in this chapter. The cost optimal point is identified for each of the
reference buildings and for the relevant heat supply systems. The location of
the cost optimal point is identified by logical search in the relevant combina-
tions of measures included in the energy saving packages. Future require-
ment to new buildings is already defined in the Danish Building Regulations.
The cost optimality of the needed energy saving packages to comply with
the present and the future requirements is also calculated. At the end of the
chapter the requirements to the individual elements in the building envelope
and to the envelope as such is also analysed.
Single family house
The design of the reference building for new single family house is described
in the annex.
In the table below are listed the relevant insulation thickness and the related
U-values. The cost for the different solutions is shown in the next table.
New single family house. Insulation thickness in the building elements and the related U-value of the
construction.
Level
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Loft
mm
120 + 45
120 + 70
120 + 95
120 +120
120 +145
120 +170
120 +195
120 +220
120 +245
W/m
2
K
0,213
0,186
0,165
0,149
0,135
0,124
0,114
0,106
0,099
Walls
mm
125
150
190
250
300
W/m
2
K
0,229
0,200
0,163
0,131
0,112
Slap
mm
100
150
200
300
350
425
W/m
2
K
0,179
0,145
0,122
0,092
0,082
0,071
Foundation
There are three variations of constructing the upper part of the foundation.
Version C includes one light concrete block with insulation on top of a stand-
ard light concrete block. Version B includes two light concrete block with in-
sulation on top of each other. Version A includes two light concrete block
with insulation on top of a standard light concrete block. The linear thermal
loss depends on both the type of foundation, on the thickness of the founda-
tion which again depend on the thickness of the wall and the thickness of the
insulation and on the insulation of the slap.
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District heating unit
For district heating the price includes the installation of the district heating
unit and also the connection to the main pipes inclusive of meter.
Water to water heat pump
The prices available are based on heat pumps tested at 0/35 C. The figures
in brackets in the table are for the normal test temperature set of 0/35. In ac-
cordance with DS469 a water to water heat pump is required to cover the to-
tal heat demand down till an external temperature of -7 C without additional
heating from an electric heating element. If connected to a floor heating sys-
tem with a design supply temperature of 40 C the nominal heating power of
the water to water heat pump at test temperatures should be at least 50 %
higher than the design heat loss of the building at an external temperature of
-12 C inclusive of the heating power needed for heating of domestic hot wa-
ter.
The water to water heat pump has a COP at test temperatures of 4,24. The
heat pump is with on-off control. The relative COP at 50 % part load is 0,99
for the actually used 10 kW heat pump.
Windows
Windows are energy class B and A in accordance with the requirements in
BR 18 for 2018 and 2020.
Natural ventilation
Air exchange rates in the case of natural ventilation are 0,30 l/s per m
2
gross
floor area inclusive of infiltration.
Mechanical ventilation
The mechanical ventilation has an basic mechanical air exchange rate of
0,30 l/s per m
2
gross floor area. The heat recovery efficiency is 0,85 and the
minimum inlet temperature is 18
o
C. The specific power for air transportation,
SEL is 0,90 kJ/m
3
.
Infiltration
In combination with mechanical ventilation the infiltration is 0,10 l/s per m
2
gross floor area.
Airing at summer
The air exchange rate in relation to airing at summer time is 3,00 l/s per m
2
gross floor area in average.
Solar cells, PV
The solar cell, PV system has a peak power of 165 Wp/m
2
and a system effi-
ciency, R
p
of 0,75. The cells are mounted at the roof with a slope of 30
o
and
a horizontal cut off of 10
o
. The need to change the inverter due to shorter
lifetime of the inverter compared to the solar panels is treated separately in
the cost calculations.
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2161282_0042.png
New single family house. Investment in the energy related building elements, maintenance costs and life
time of the elements. Investments and cost in the table are exclusive of VAT. 25 % VAT is added in the
calculations of financial perspective.
Building element
District heating unit
and connection
Heat pump
Water to water
Incl. pipes in ground
Loft
Size, insulation
or type
All
6 (5,3) kW
8 (7,5)
10 (9,4)
12 (11,0)
120 + 45 mm
120 + 70
120 + 95
120 +120
120 +145
120 +170
120 +195
120 +220
120 +245
125 mm
150
190
250
300
100 mm
150
200
300
350
425
125 mm
150
190
250
125 mm
150
190
250
300
125 mm
150
190
250
300
B
A
Natural
Mechanical
1:
2:
3:
4:
6:
1,40 kWp
2,20
3,00
4,30
6,00
Investment etc.
DKK/unit (m
2
)
45.654
111.044
121.230
135.374
148.535
744
752
758
780
798
823
835
861
879
2.018
2.051
2.085
2.137
2.225
537
571
605
674
720
772
1.319
1.391
1.476
1.574
1.353
1.415
1.483
1.692
1.763
1.538
1.619
1.708
2.166
2.256
3.187
3.916
9.000
43.881
18.100 + 5.000
25.640 + 7.400
33.180 + 7.400
43.680 +10.800
57.160 +13.200
Maintenance
DKK/unit (m
2
)
1.783
4.442
4.849
5.415
5.941
0
Life time
years
30
20
50
Wall
0
80
Slap
0
80
Foundations type C
0
80
Foundations type B
0
80
Foundations type A
0
80
Windows
Ventilation
PV
+ inverter
0
450
1.519
2 % p.a.
30
30
20 (10)
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The table below list the packages of energy saving measures calculated for
the new single family house with district heating. Each package includes in-
sulation on the loft, insulation in the external walls, insulation in the ground
slap, improvement of the foundation, windows with specified energy class,
natural or mechanical ventilation and possibly PV. For each of the packages
the primary energy demand, the macro economical net present value and
the financial net present value is shown.
The figures in bold are the cost optimal point. In the table the single wave
line indicates the minimum insulation package needed to fulfil the minimum
requirement to the building envelope in BR18. The single underline indicates
the minimum solution to fulfil the energy frame requirement in BR18. There
are two solutions to this in the table, one not using PV and one using PV to
fulfil the energy frame requirement. The bold wave underline and the double
underline indicates the same for the future Building 2020 requirement.
New single family house with district heating. Energy measures, primary energy consumption, macro
economical and financial net present value.
Code
SFN.DH.000C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.100C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.200C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.300C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.400C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.500C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.401C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.402C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.403C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.404C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.413C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.423C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.433C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.423B.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.423A.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.423B.B.MV.No
SFN.DH.423B.A.NV.No
SFN.DH.423B.B.NV.PV1
SFN.DH.423B.B.NV.PV2
SFN.DH.724B.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.724B.B.MV.No
SFN.DH.825A.A.MV.No
SFN.DH.724B.B.MV.PV1
SFN.DH.835A.A.MV.No
SFN.DH.835A.A.MV.PV1
Loft
mm
165
190
215
240
265
290
265
265
265
265
265
265
265
265
265
265
265
265
265
340
340
365
340
365
365
Wall Slap Found. Win.
mm mm Type
125 100 C
125 100 C
125 100 C
125 100 C
125 100 C
125 100 C
125 150 C
125 200 C
125 300 C
125 350 C
150 300 C
190 300 C
250 300 C
190 300 B
190 300 A
190 300 B
190 300 B
190 300 B
190 300 B
190 350 B
190 350 B
190 425 A
190 350 B
250 425 A
250 425 A
Class
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
B
B
B
B
A
B
A
A
Vent.
Type
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
MV
NV
NV
NV
NV
MV
MV
MV
MV
MV
PV Energy NPV-m NPV-f
-
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
kWh/m
2
DKK/m
2
DKK/m
2
76,85
74,66
72,95
71,64
70,51
69,63
67,49
65,79
63,59
62,83
61,83
59,25
57,43
58,74
58,31
51,22
53,12
4.402
4.394
4.387
4.396
4.404
4.418
4.404
4.414
4.443
4.467
4.468
4.492
4.534
4.490
4.547
4.848
4.612
4.719
4.807
4.552
4.911
5.127
5.141
5.265
5.495
5.498
5.463
5.436
5.429
5.423
5.428
5.384
5.370
5.364
5.374
5.362
5.348
5.359
5.340
5.381
5.821
5.434
5.532
5.618
5.362
5.850
5.989
6.046
6.080
6.272
PV1 45,56
PV2 38,02
No
No
No
55,85
48,63
40,89
PV1 35,45
No
39,06
PV1 25,88
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For the single family house with district heating the energy frame require-
ment in the Danish Building Regulations 2018, BR18 is tighter than the point
of cost optimality, showing a gap of -30 % for the solution without PV and a
gap of - 40 % for the solution with PV. For Building 2020, where PV is
needed to fulfill the requirement, the over-performance increases to a gap of
- 56 %. The calculated over-performance is based on today's prices and so-
lutions and could possibly be levelled out by future development in solutions,
energy and construction costs.
In the table below the same is shown for the new single family in the case of
heating with a ground coupled heat pump.
For the single family house with heating from a heat pump the cost optimum
point is at a lower primary energy demand and the energy frame require-
ment in the Danish Building Regulations 2018, BR18 is closer to the point of
cost optimality, showing a gap of - 28 % for a solution without PV. For Build-
ing 2020 where PV is needed to fulfill the requirement the over-performance
increases to a gap of - 61 %.
New single family house with ground source heat pump. Energy measures, primary energy consump-
tion, macro economical and financial net present value.
Code
SFN.HPG.000C.B.NV.No
SFN.HPG.100C.B.NV.No
SFN.HPG.200C.B.NV.No
SFN.HPG.300C.B.NV.No
SFN.HPG.400C.B.NV.No
SFN.HPG.500C.B.NV.No
SFN.HPG.401C.B.NV.No
SFN.HPG.402C.B.NV.No
SFN.HPG.403C.B.NV.No
SFN.HPG.412C.B.NV.No
SFN.HPG.402B.B.NV.No
SFN.HPG.402C.B.MV.No
SFN.HPG.402C.A.NV.No
SFN.HPG.402C.B.NV.PV1
SFN.HPG.724B.B.NV.No
SFN.HPG.724B.B.MV.No
SFN.HPG.724B.A.MV.No
SFN.HPG.835A.A.MV.No
Loft Wall Slap Found. Win.
mm mm mm Type Class
165 125 100 C
190 125 100 C
215 125 100 C
240 125 100 C
265 125 100 C
290 125 100 C
265 125 150 C
265 125 200 C
265 125 300 C
265 150 200 C
265 125 200 B
265 125 200 C
265 125 200 C
265 125 200 C
340 190 350 B
340 190 350 B
340 190 350 B
365 250 425 A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
B
B
B
A
A
A
Vent.
Type
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
MV
NV
NV
NV
MV
MV
MV
MV
PV Energy NPV-m NPV-f
-
kWh/m
2
DKK/m
2
DKK/m
2
5.428 6.919
5.425 6.895
5.423 6.877
5.436 6.877
5.447 6.876
5.464 6.885
5.455 6.852
5.470 6.845
5.509 6.868
5.500 6.853
5.477 6.848
5.860 7.345
5.607 6.967
5.699 7.138
5.634 6.886
6.028 7.398
6.164 7.518
6.409 7.687
6.638 7.989
No 53,16
No 51,76
No 50,68
No 49,87
No 49,14
No 48,59
No 47,22
No
46,11
No 45,48
No 45,03
No 45,91
No 42,90
No 42,55
PV1 32,93
No 39,76
No 37,08
No 33,45
No 31,20
PV1 18,20
SFN.HPG.835A.A.MV.PV1 365 250 425 A
44
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2161282_0045.png
Finally the relation between primary energy demand and financial net pre-
sent value is plotted for the heating supplies district heating. The jump in net
present value for the new single family house with district heating relates to
installation of mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation will also possi-
bly improve the indoor climate. The installation of mechanical ventilation can
thus not be evaluated only based on the cost optimality in relation to energy
consumption.
New single family house with district heating. Primary energy consumption and financial net present
value. Red point is cost optimal. Green point is BR18 requirement without PV. Yellow point is BR18 re-
quirement with PV. Blue point is Building 2020.
45
 KEF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 242: Orientering om aflevering af Danmarks langsigtede renoveringsstrategi
2161282_0046.png
Multifamily house
The design of the reference building for new multifamily house is described
in the annex.
In the table below are listed the relevant insulation thickness and the related
U-values. The cost for the different solutions is shown in the next table.
New multifamily house. Insulation thickness in the building elements and the related U-value of the con-
struction.
Level
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Loft
mm
120 + 45
120 + 70
120 + 95
120 +120
120 +145
120 +170
120 +195
120 +220
120 +245
W/m
2
K
0,213
0,186
0,165
0,149
0,135
0,124
0,114
0,106
0,099
Walls
mm
125
150
190
250
300
W/m
2
K
0,251
0,212
0,170
0,130
0,109
Basement wall
mm
100
125
150
200
250
W/m
2
K
0,277
0,234
0,203
0,160
0,132
Basement floor
mm
100
150
200
300
350
425
W/m
2
K
0,158
0,131
0,112
0,086
0,077
0,067
District heating unit
For district heating the price includes the installation of the district heating
unit and also the connection to the main pipes inclusive of meter.
Windows
Windows are energy class B and A in accordance with the requirements in
BR 18 for 2018 and 2020.
Standard mechanical ventilation
The standard mechanical ventilation is demand controlled and has an basic
mechanical air exchange rate of 0,30 l/s per m
2
gross floor area. The heat
recovery efficiency is 0,80 and the minimum inlet temperature is 18
o
C. The
specific power for air transportation, SEL is 1,50 kJ/m
3
at average load.
Improved mechanical ventilation
The improved mechanical ventilation system has a heat recovery efficiency
of 0,85 and the specific power for air transportation, SEL is 1,20 kJ/m
3
.
Infiltration
In combination with mechanical ventilation the infiltration is 0,10 l/s per m
2
gross floor area.
Airing at summer
The air exchange rate in relation to airing at summer time is 3,00 l/s per m
2
gross floor area in average.
Solar cells, PV
The solar cell, PV system has a peak power of 165 Wp/m
2
and a system effi-
ciency, R
p
of 0,75. The cells are mounted at the roof with a slope of 30
o
and
a horizontal cut off of 5
o
. The need to change the inverter due to shorter life-
time of the inverter compared to the solar panels is treated separately in the
cost calculations.
46
 KEF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 242: Orientering om aflevering af Danmarks langsigtede renoveringsstrategi
2161282_0047.png
New multifamily house. Investment in the energy related building elements, maintenance costs and life
time of the elements. Investments and cost in the table are exclusive of VAT. 25 % VAT is added in the
calculations of financial perspective.
Building element
District heating unit
and connection
Loft
120 + 45 mm
120 + 70
120 + 95
120 +120
120 +145
120 +170
120 +195
120 +220
120 +245
125 mm
150
190
250
300
100 mm
125
150
200
250
100 mm
150
200
300
350
425
B
A
Standard
Improved
1,40 kWp
2,20
3,00
4,30
6,00
9,00
12,00
693
701
706
727
744
768
779
803
820
2.339
2.398
2.461
2.559
2.677
4.340
4.421
4.506
4.671
4.837
537
571
605
674
720
772
2.899
3.658
170.763
204.916
18.100 + 5.000
25.640 + 7.400
33.180 + 7.400
43.680 +10.800
57.160 +13.200
82.940 +13.200
108.720 +17.200
0
50
Size, insulation
or type
All
Investment etc.
DKK/unit (m
2
)
60.752
Maintenance etc.
DKK/unit (m
2
)
2.038
Life time
years
30
Wall
0
80
Basement wall
0
80
Basement floor
0
80
Windows
Mechanical ventilation
PV
+ inverter
1:
2:
3:
4:
6:
9:
12:
0
5.226
6.271
2 % p.a.
30
30
20 (10)
The table on next page list the packages of energy saving measures calcu-
lated for the new multifamily house with district heating. Each package in-
cludes insulation on the loft, insulation in the external walls, insulation of the
basement walls, insulation of the floor in the basement, windows with speci-
fied energy class, standard or improved mechanical ventilation and possibly
PV. For each of the packages the primary energy demand, the macro eco-
nomical net present value and the financial net present value is shown.
47
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2161282_0048.png
For the multifamily house with district heating the energy frame requirement
in the Danish Building Regulations 2018, BR18 is tighter than the point of
cost optimality, showing a gap of -13 % for the solution without PV and a gap
of - 16 % for the solution with PV. For Buildings 2020 where PV is needed to
fulfill the requirement the over-performance increases to a gap of - 26 %.
New multifamily house with district heating. Energy measures, primary energy consumption, macro eco-
nomical and financial net present value.
Code
MFN.DH.0000.B.S.No
MFN.DH.1000.B.S.No
MFN.DH.2000.B.S.No
MFN.DH.3000.B.S.No
MFN.DH.4000.B.S.No
MFN.DH.5000.B.S.No
MFN.DH.4100.B.S.No
MFN.DH.4200.B.S.No
MFN.DH.4300.B.S.No
MFN.DH.4210.B.S.No
MFN.DH.4220.B.S.No
MFN.DH.4211.B.S.No
MFN.DH.4212.B.S.No
MFN.DH.4211.A.S.No
MFN.DH.4211.A.I.No
MFN.DH.4211.B.I.No
MFN.DH.4211.B.I.PV1
MFN.DH.4211.B.I.PV2
MFN.DH.4211.B.I.PV3
MFN.DH.8235.A.I.No
MFN.DH.8235.A.I.PV2
MFN.DH.4211.A.I.PV3
Loft Wall B.w. B.f.
mm mm mm mm
165 125 100 100
190 125 100 100
215 125 100 100
240 125 100 100
265 125 100 100
290 125 100 100
265 150 100 100
265 190 100 100
265 250 100 100
265 190 125 100
265 190 150 100
265 190 125 150
265 190 125 200
265 190 125 150
265 190 125 150
265 190 125 150
265 190 125 150
265 190 125 150
265 190 125 150
365 190 200 425
365 190 200 425
265 190 125 150
Window Vent.
Class
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
Type
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
Imp.
Imp.
Imp.
Imp.
Imp.
Imp.
Imp.
Imp.
PV Energy NPV-m NPV-f
-
kWh/m
2
DKK/m
2
DKK/m
2
No 48,78 2.755 3.503
No 48,27 2.754 3.496
No 47,86 2.752 3.489
No 47,56 2.755 3.489
No 47,30 2.758 3.488
No 47,08 2.762 3.490
No 45,87 2.772 3.481
No 44,30 2.786 3.472
No 42,77 2.816 3.476
No 44,02 2.790 3.471
No 43,82 2.794 3.472
No 43,65 2.794 3.470
No 43,41 2.799 3.471
No 39,15 2.912 3.571
No 35,43 2.936 3.545
No
39,94 2.818 3.444
PV1 37,47 2.841 3.454
PV2 36,06 2.849 3.467
PV3 34,65 2.851 3.475
No 33,54 2.999 3.576
PV2 29,66 3.029 3.599
PV3 30,14 2.969 3.576
48
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2161282_0049.png
Office building
The design of the reference building for office buildings is described in the
annex.
In the table below are listed the relevant insulation thickness and the related
U-values. The cost for the different solutions is shown in the next table.
New office building. Insulation thickness in the building elements and the related U-value of the con-
struction.
Level
Flat roof
mm
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
155
190
255
310
370
470
W/m
2
K
0,196
0,161
0,120
0,099
0,083
0,066
Walls, heavy
mm
125
150
190
250
300
W/m
2
K
0,251
0,212
0,170
0,130
0,109
Walls, light
mm
100
125
150
200
245
270
295
W/m
2
K
0,387
0,317
0,269
0,199
0,165
0,151
0,139
Base. wall
mm
100
125
150
200
250
W/m
2
K
0,277
0,234
0,203
0,160
0,132
Base. floor
mm
100
150
200
300
350
425
W/m
2
K
0,158
0,131
0,112
0,086
0,077
0,067
District heating unit
For district heating the price includes the installation of the district heating
unit and also the connection to the main pipes inclusive of meter.
Windows
Windows are energy class B and A in accordance with the requirements in
BR 18 for 2018 and 2020.
Standard mechanical ventilation
The standard mechanical ventilation system has an average air exchange
rate of 1,10 l/s per m
2
gross floor area due to demand control. The heat re-
covery efficiency is 0,80 and the minimum inlet temperature is 18
o
C. The
specific power for air transportation, SEL is 2,10 kJ/m
3
.
Improved mechanical ventilation
The improved mechanical ventilation system has a heat recovery efficiency
of 0,85 and the specific power for air transportation, SEL is 1,50 kJ/m
3
.
Infiltration
In combination with mechanical ventilation the infiltration is 0,10 l/s per m
2
gross floor area.
Airing at summer
The air exchange rate in relation to airing at summer time is 1,80 l/s per m
2
gross floor area in average at day time. At night time the air exchange rate in
average is up till 2,40 l/s per m
2
gross floor area.
Standard lighting system
Installed power in the office areas is 8 W/m
2
. There are automatic continu-
ous daylight control in the lighting zones.
Improved lighting system
Installed power in office areas is reduced to 5 W/m
2
by the use of LED light-
ing.
49
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2161282_0050.png
Solar cells, PV
The solar cell, PV system has a peak power of 165 Wp/m
2
and a system effi-
ciency, R
p
of 0,75. The cells are mounted with a slope of 20
o
on the flat roof.
The horizontal cut off of 5
o
for the first row of cells and 10
o
for the next rows
of cells The need to change the inverter due to shorter lifetime of the inverter
compared to the solar panels is treated separately in the cost calculations.
New office building. Investment in the energy related building elements, maintenance costs and life time
of the elements. Investments and cost in the table are exclusive of VAT.
Building element
District heating instal-
lation and connection
Flat roof
135+20 mm
170+20
235+20
290+20
350+20
450+20
125 mm
150
190
250
300
100 mm
125
150
200
245
270
295
100 mm
125
150
200
250
100 mm
150
200
300
350
425
B
A
Standard
Improved
Lighting
PV
+ inverter
1:
2:
3:
4:
6:
9:
12:
Standard
Improved
1,40 kWp
2,20
3,00
4,30
6,00
9,00
12,00
433
465
541
600
638
702
2.339
2.398
2.461
2.559
2.677
1.571
1.626
1.649
1.766
1.904
1.907
1.939
4.340
4.421
4.506
4.671
4.837
537
571
605
674
720
772
2.899
3.658
1.014
1.217
216
259
18.100 + 5.000
25.640 + 7.400
33.180 + 7.400
43.680 +10.800
57.160 +13.200
82.940 +13.200
108.720 +17.200
2 % p.a.
20 (10)
0
20
0
40
Size, insulation
or type
All
Investment etc.
DKK/unit (m
2
)
78.399
Maintenance etc.
DKK/unit (m
2
)
2.420
Life time
years
30
Walls, heavy
0
80
Walls, light
0
40
Basement wall
0
80
Basement floor
0
80
Windows
Mechanical ventilation
0
25
30
30
50
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2161282_0051.png
The table below list the packages of energy saving measures calculated for
the new office building with district heating. Each package includes insula-
tion on the roof, insulation in the external heavy walls, insulation in the light
external walls, insulation of the basement walls, insulation of the floor in the
basement, windows with specified energy class, standard or improved me-
chanical ventilation, standard or improved lighting system and possibly PV.
For each of the packages the primary energy demand, the macro economi-
cal net present value and the financial net present value is shown.
A major power input from PV on the large, solar exposed roof is in this case
beyond cost optimality from a financial perspective, but not from a macro
economical perspective. The macro economical cost of establishing PV is
lower in the grit compared to individual PV on the buildings. For that reason
and because not all buildings can expect to have a solar exposed roof with
free space for PV, it can be a good question, if the power from PV should be
included in finding the cost optimal point.
For the office building with district heating and a cost optimal point set with-
out PV the energy frame requirement in the Danish Building Regulations
2018, BR18 is tighter than the point of cost optimality, showing a gap of - 28
% for the solution without PV and a gap of - 23 % for the solution with PV.
For Buildings 2020 where PV is needed to fulfill the requirement the over-
performance increases to a gap of - 40 %.
New office building with district heating. Energy measures, primary energy consumption, macro eco-
nomical and financial net present value.
Code
OBN.DH.00000.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.10000.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.20000.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.01000.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02000.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.03000.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02100.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02300.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02210.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02201.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02200.A.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02200.B.I.S.No
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.I.No
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.I.PV3
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.I.PV6
Roof W.h. W.l B.W. B.F.
mm mm mm mm mm
155 125 100 100 100
190 125 100 100 100
255 125 100 100 100
155 150 100 100 100
155 190 100 100 100
155 250 100 100 100
155 190 125 100 100
155 190 150 100 100
155 190 200 100 100
155 190 150 125 100
155 190 150 100 150
155 190 150 100 100
155 190 150 100 100
155 190 150 100 100
155 190 150 100 100
155 190 150 100 100
Win. Vent.
Class Type
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
Imp.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
Imp.
Imp.
Light PV
Type -
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Energy NPV-m NPV-f
kWh/m
2
DKK/m
2
DKK/m
2
63,13 2.672 2.792
62,64 2.677 2.794
62,07 2.686 2.798
62,75 2.675 2.792
62,35 2.678 2.792
61,96 2.685 2.794
61,54 2.681 2.790
60,99 2.682 2.787
60,20 2.692 2.792
60,81 2.685 2.789
60,71 2.685 2.788
52,95 2.794 2.847
56,12 2.816 2.862
55,85 2.707 2.753
Imp. No
Imp. PV3 54,19 2.717 2.749
Imp. PV6 52,53 2.723 2.742
Imp. PV12 49,26 2.732 2.713
Imp. PV24 42,74 2.746 2.709
Imp. PV36
36,19 2.784 2.698
Imp. PV48 32,75 2.821 2.725
Imp. No
39,99 2.890 2.809
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.I.PV12 155 190 150 100 100
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.I.PV24 155 190 150 100 100
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.I.PV36 155 190 150 100 100
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.I.PV48 155 190 150 100 100
OBN.DH.42333.A.I.I.No
370 190 200 200 200
OBN.DH.42333.A.I.I.PV12 370 190 200 200 200
Imp. PV12 33,41 2.916 2.784
51
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If PV is included in setting the cost optimal point in relation to the require-
ment in BR18 the result will be a gap of 11 % for the solution without PV and
a gap of 18 % for the solution with PV. For Buildings 2020 where PV is
needed to fulfill the requirement the gap will be - 8 %.
52
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2161282_0053.png
Sensitivity analysis
Sensitivity analysis are performed with a higher energy price development of
+ 2,0 % p.a. and with a higher discount rate of 4,0 % p.a. and with a higher
interest rate of 3,0 % p.a. The analysis is performed for the new single family
house with district heating and for the new office building with district heat-
ing, see table at this page and on next page.
Some change of the location of the cost optimal point can be observed from
the sensitivity analysis in relation to the improvement of the building enve-
lope in the single family house. A + 2,0 % p.a. higher energy price develop-
ment lower the cost optimal point by 3,56 kWh/m
2
equivalent to 6,1 %-point.
An increase in interest rate to 3,0 % p.a. will raise the cost optimal point by
8,92 kWh/m
2
equivalent to 15,2 %-point. The specific improvement pack-
ages where the optimum changes are highlighted with bold underline.
New single family house with district heating. Energy measures, primary energy consumption, macro
economical and financial net present value. Sensitivity analyses.
Energy + 2,0 % p.a.
Code
SFN.DH.000C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.100C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.200C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.300C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.400C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.500C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.401C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.402C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.403C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.404C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.413C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.423C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.433C.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.423B.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.423A.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.423B.B.MV.No
SFN.DH.423B.A.NV.No
SFN.DH.423B.B.NV.PV1
SFN.DH.423B.B.NV.PV2
SFN.DH.724B.B.NV.No
SFN.DH.724B.B.MV.No
SFN.DH.825A.A.MV.No
SFN.DH.724B.B.MV.PV1
SFN.DH.835A.A.MV.No
SFN.DH.835A.A.MV.PV1
Energy
kWh/m
2
76,85
74,66
72,95
71,64
70,51
69,63
67,49
65,79
63,59
62,83
61,83
59,25
57,43
58,74
58,31
51,22
53,12
45,56
38,02
55,85
48,63
40,89
35,45
39,06
25,88
NPV-m
DKK/m
2
4.744
4.730
4.718
4.724
4.728
4.741
4.721
4.726
4.749
4.770
4.769
4.786
4.823
4.783
4.839
5.183
4.889
5.007
5.089
4.837
5.240
5.434
5.464
5.568
5.792
NPV-f
DKK/m
2
6.335
6.283
6.242
6.225
6.210
6.208
6.147
6.119
6.096
6.100
6.080
6.045
6.042
6.033
6.071
6.582
6.082
6.169
6.230
6.032
6.590
6.665
6.731
6.741
6.877
Rates 4,0 & 3,0 % p.a.
NPV-m
DKK/m
2
4.468
4.462
4.457
4.468
4.478
4.494
4.483
4.496
4.531
4.558
4.561
4.591
4.640
4.590
4.653
4.932
4.717
4.810
4.896
4.660
5.004
5.235
5.224
5.389
5.609
NPV-f
DKK/m
2
5.805
5.785
5.768
5.774
5.778
5.792
5.764
5.769
5.794
5.821
5.818
5.836
5.880
5.831
5.901
6.263
5.958
6.027
6.113
5.895
6.331
6.559
6.434
6.723
6.919
53
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2161282_0054.png
New office building with district heating. Energy measures, primary energy consumption, macro eco-
nomical and financial net present value. Sensitivity analysis.
Energy + 2,0 % p.a.
Code
OBN.DH.00000.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.10000.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.20000.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.01000.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02000.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.03000.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02100.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02300.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02210.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02201.B.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02200.A.S.S.No
OBN.DH.02200.B.I.S.No
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.I.No
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.I.PV3
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.I.PV6
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.I.PV12
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.I.PV24
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.I.PV36
OBN.DH.02200.B.S.I.PV48
OBN.DH.42333.A.I.I.No
OBN.DH.42333.A.I.I.PV12
Energy
kWh/m
2
63,13
62,64
62,07
62,75
62,35
61,96
61,54
60,99
60,20
60,81
60,71
52,95
56,12
55,85
54,19
52,53
49,26
42,74
36,19
32,75
39,99
33,41
NPV-m
DKK/m
2
2.759
2.763
2.771
2.761
2.764
2.770
2.766
2.766
2.776
2.769
2.769
2.869
2.896
2.786
2.796
2.801
2.809
2.832
2.855
2.892
2.957
2.980
NPV-f
DKK/m
2
2.999
3.000
3.002
2.998
2.997
2.998
2.993
2.989
2.992
2.990
2.989
3.030
3.049
2.937
2.929
2.917
2.895
2.863
2.840
2.865
2.957
2.916
Rates 4,0 & 3,0 % p.a.
NPV-m
DKK/m
2
2.770
2.776
2.785
2.774
2.778
2.785
2.781
2.782
2.794
2.786
2.786
2.904
2.925
2.809
2.819
2.825
2.835
2.862
2.888
2.925
3.012
3.038
NPV-f
DKK/m
2
2.999
3.003
3.010
3.001
3.003
3.009
3.004
3.003
3.012
3.006
3.006
3.093
3.106
2.983
2.982
2.977
2.968
2.959
2.956
2.985
3.104
3.089
In the office building no change of the location of the cost optimal point can
be observed from the sensitivity analysis in relation to the improvement of
the building envelope and installations. The difference between energy effi-
cient solutions and less energy efficient solutions are also nearly the same
both with increased energy price and with increased discount and invest-
ment rates.
54
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2161282_0055.png
Requirements to the building envelope elements
In this section the component requirements to the individual elements in the
building envelope and to the building envelope as such is analysed. The two
requirement types are only used as additional requirements to the energy
frame requirement analysed in the previous sections. The method and data
used is in principles the same as for the analyses on building level. The data
used are extracted from the tables in the previous sections of the report.
Individual building envelope elements
The cost optimal level of insulation in the building envelope elements and
the requirements in BR18 to the same elements is shown in the tables be-
low.
The component requirements in them self has in general a significant gap to
cost optimality especially in the dwellings. It shows a wide flexibility for the
designer of a new building to use the solution for the component in the build-
ing envelope he prefers. The resulting energy efficiency of the building is any
how regulated by the energy frame requirement. There is no real difference
between small and large buildings. The gap is smaller in the case of heat
pump heating and in the case of offices.
EU cost-optimal level and Danish energy requirement level in BR18 in relation to constructions in the
building envelope of new buildings. Single family house with district heating.
EU:
Loft
Heavy wall
Slap on ground, floor heating
* Approx.
U-value
0,135
0,163
0,092
DK:
180
100
80
U-value
0,200
0,300
0,200
Gap
%
48
84
117
mm insul. W/m
2
K
265
190
300
mm insul.
*
W/m
2
K
EU cost-optimal level and Danish energy requirement level in BR18 in relation to constructions in the
building envelope of new buildings. Single family house with heat pump.
EU:
Loft
Heavy wall
Slap on ground, floor heating
* Approx.
U-value
0,135
0,229
0,122
DK:
180
100
80
U-value
0,200
0,300
0,200
Gap
%
48
31
64
mm insul. W/m
2
K
265
125
200
mm insul.
*
W/m
2
K
EU cost-optimal level and Danish energy requirement level in BR18 in relation to constructions in the
building envelope of new buildings. Multifamily house with district heating.
EU:
Loft
Heavy wall
Basement wall
Basement floor
* Approx.
U-value
0,135
0,170
0,234
0,131
DK:
180
100
90
80
U-value
0,200
0,300
0,300
0,200
Gap
%
48
76
28
53
mm insul. W/m
2
K
265
190
125
150
mm insul
*
. W/m
2
K
55
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2161282_0056.png
EU cost-optimal level and Danish energy requirement level in BR18 in relation to constructions in the
building envelope of new buildings. Office building with district heating.
EU:
Flat roof
Heavy wall
Light wall
Basement wall
Basement floor
* Approx.
U-value
0,196
0,170
0,269
0,277
0,158
DK:
150
100
143
90
80
U-value
0,200
0,300
0,300
0,300
0,200
Gap
%
2
76
12
8
27
mm insul. W/m
2
K
155
190
150
100
100
mm insul
*
. W/m
2
K
Building envelope exclusive of windows and doors
The cost optimality of the requirements to the design heat loss of the build-
ing envelope exclusive of windows and doors is analysed in the same way
as the requirements to the individual elements in the building envelope. The
result for the different buildings of course depends on the specific choice of
solutions. In the tables below and on next page the cost optimality is ana-
lysed for the solutions used in the three reference building to comply with the
BR18 and Building 2020 requirement to the design heat loss of the building
envelope exclusive of windows and doors.
In the single family house reference building with district heating the con-
structions used to comply with the requirement to the heat loss of the build-
ing envelope in BR18 is cost optimal or beyond cost optimal with a gap up till
- 21 %. For Buildings 2020 the over-performance increases to a gap of - 20
% to - 27 %.
In the single family house reference building with heat pump heating the
constructions used to comply with the requirement to the heat loss of the
building envelope in BR18 is beyond cost optimal with a gap of - 21 % to –
33 %. For Buildings 2020 the over-performance increases to a gap of - 27 %
to - 43 %.
In the multifamily house reference building with district heating the result is a
gap in relation to the cost optimality of the constructions used to comply with
the requirement of up to 25 % for both BR18 and Buildings 2020. The results
for the multifamily house indeed show the flexibility for the designer to use
the solutions he likes.
EU cost-optimal level and Danish energy requirement level in BR18 in relation to constructions in the
building envelope of new buildings. Values needed to comply with the general requirement to heat loss
from the building envelope exclusive of windows and doors. Single family house with district heating.
EU:
BR18
Loft
Heavy wall
Slap on ground, floor heating
Building 2020
Loft
Heavy wall
Slap on ground, floor heating
265
190
300
0,135
0,163
0,092
365
250
425
0,099
0,131
0,071
- 27
- 20
- 23
265
190
300
0,135
0,163
0,092
340
190
350
0,106
0,163
0,082
- 21
0
- 11
U-value
DK:
U-value
Gap
%
mm insul. W/m
2
K
mm insul. W/m
2
K
56
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In the office reference building with district heating the constructions used to
comply with the requirement to the heat loss of the building envelope in
BR18 is just cost optimal For Buildings 2020 the gap is 0 % to - 16 %. Also
in the office building there is significant flexibility to the designer.
EU cost-optimal level and Danish energy requirement level in BR18 in relation to constructions in the
building envelope of new buildings. Values needed to comply with the general requirement to heat loss
from the building envelope exclusive of windows and doors. Single family house with heat pump.
EU:
BR18
Loft
Heavy wall
Slap on ground, floor heating
Building 2020
Loft
Heavy wall
Slap on ground, floor heating
265
125
200
0,135
0,229
0,122
365
250
425
0,099
0,131
0,071
- 27
- 43
- 42
265
125
200
0,135
0,229
0,122
340
190
350
0,106
0,163
0,082
- 21
- 29
- 33
U-value
DK:
U-value
Gap
%
mm insul. W/m
2
K
mm insul. W/m
2
K
EU cost-optimal level and Danish energy requirement level in BR18 in relation to constructions in the
building envelope of new buildings. Values needed to comply with the general requirement to heat loss
from the building envelope exclusive of windows and doors. Multifamily house with district heating.
EU:
BR18
Loft
Heavy wall
Basement wall
Basement floor
Building 2020
Loft
Heavy wall
Basement wall
Basement floor
265
190
125
150
0,135
0,170
0,234
0,131
265
150
100
100
0,135
0,212
0,277
0,158
0
25
18
21
265
190
125
150
0,135
0,170
0,234
0,131
265
150
100
100
0,135
0,212
0,277
0,158
0
25
18
21
U-value
DK:
U-value
Gap
%
mm insul. W/m
2
K
mm insul. W/m
2
K
EU cost-optimal level and Danish energy requirement level in BR18 in relation to constructions in the
building envelope of new buildings. Values needed to comply with the general requirement to heat loss
from the building envelope exclusive of windows and doors. Office building with district heating.
EU:
BR18
Flat roof
Heavy wall
Light wall
Basement wall
Basement floor
Building 2020
Flat roof
Heavy wall
Light wall
Basement wall
Basement floor
155
190
150
100
100
0,196
0,170
0,269
0,277
0,158
155
190
150
125
100
0,196
0,170
0,269
0,234
0,158
0
0
0
- 16
0
155
190
150
100
100
0,196
0,170
0,269
0,277
0,158
155
190
150
100
100
0,196
0,170
0,269
0,277
0,158
0
0
0
0
0
U-value
DK:
U-value
Gap
%
mm insul. W/m
2
K
mm insul. W/m
2
K
57
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Renovation of existing buildings
The cost optimal calculations in relation to the requirements to existing build-
ings in case of major renovation or equivalent are shown in this chapter. The
cost optimal point is identified for each of the reference buildings and for the
relevant heat supply systems. The location of the cost optimal point is identi-
fied by logical search in the relevant combinations of measures included in
the energy saving packages. The cost optimality of the needed energy sav-
ing packages to comply with the present requirements to existing building is
also calculated.
In the first section of the chapter the energy frame requirements to existing
buildings is analysed. In the second part of the chapter the requirements to
the individual elements in the building envelope of existing buildings is ana-
lysed. These requirements applies also in the case of minor renovations.
58
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2161282_0059.png
Single family house 1930
The design and basic starting data of the reference building for existing sin-
gle family house from 1930 is described in the annex.
In the table below are listed the relevant insulation thickness and the related
U-values. The cost for the different solutions is shown in the next table.
Single family house 1930. Insulation thickness in the building elements and the related U-value of the
construction.
Level
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Loft
mm
100
100+45
100+70
100+95
100+120
100+145
100+170
100+195
100+220
100+245
W/m
2
K
0,362
0,251
0,215
0,188
0,167
0,150
0,136
0,125
0,115
0,107
Walls, cavity
mm
0
70
W/m
2
K
1,668
0,640
+125
+200
+250
0,196
0,143
0,121
Walls, external
mm
W/m
2
K
Floor slap
mm
0
70
W/m
2
K
0,782
0,425
District heating unit
For district heating the price includes the removal of the old heating unit, the
installation of the district heating unit and also the connection to the main
pipes inclusive of meter.
New gas boiler
The new condensing gas boiler has an efficiency of 0,98 at full load and 1,07
at part load. The new boiler also includes new, well insulated DHW tank and
new efficient control of the heating.
New air to water heat pump
The prices available are based on heat pumps tested at 7/35 °C. The figures
in brackets in the table are for the normal test temperature set of 0/35 °C. In
accordance with DS469 an air to water heat pump is required to cover the
total heat demand down till an external temperature of -7 C without addi-
tional heating from an electric heating element. If connected to a radiator
heating system with a design supply temperature of 70 °C the nominal heat-
ing power of the air to water heat pump at test temperatures should be at
least 100 % higher than the design heat loss of the building at an external
temperature of -12 C inclusive of the heating power needed for heating of
domestic hot water.
The air to water heat pump has a COP at normal test temperatures of 4,10.
The heat pump is with on-off control. The relative COP at 50 % part load is
0,93 for the actually used 16 kW heat pump.
Loft
Prices are inclusive of removal of existing insulation. This is more cost effi-
cient than relining of partly damaged, existing insulation.
59
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2161282_0060.png
Windows
Windows are energy class B and A in accordance with the requirements in
BR 18 for 2018 and 2020.
Natural ventilation
Air exchange rates in the case of natural ventilation are 0,30 l/s per m
2
gross
floor area inclusive of infiltration.
Mechanical ventilation
The mechanical ventilation has an basic mechanical air exchange rate of
0,30 l/s per m
2
gross floor area. The heat recovery efficiency is 0,85 and the
minimum inlet temperature is 18
o
C. The specific power for air transportation,
SEL is 1,00 kJ/m
3
.
Existing single family house 1930. Investment in the energy saving measures, maintenance costs and
life time of the elements. Investments and cost in the table are exclusive of VAT. 25 % VAT is added in
the calculations of financial perspective.
Building element
District heating unit
Gas boiler
Heat pump
Air to water
Size, insulation
or type
All
16 kW
6 (6,5) kW
9 (8,6)
11 (11,1)
13 (12,3)
16 (15,2)
18 (17,6)
100
100+45
100+70
100+95
100+120
100+145
100+170
100+195
100+220
100+245
Wall,
cavity
and then external
0 mm
70
+125
+200
+250
Slap over basement
Windows
Ventilation
PV
+ inverter
1:
2:
3:
4:
6:
B
A
Natural
Mechanical
1,40 kWp
2,20
3,00
4,30
6,00
0 mm
70
Investment etc.
DKK/unit (m
2
)
50.201
54.064
100.553
106.153
110.353
115.353
121.121
127.177
176
258
266
272
299
322
353
370
385
407
0
167
1.653
1.971
2.241
0
145
3.719
4.465
15.000
52.657
19.110 + 5.500
28.204 + 8.140
36.498 + 8.140
48.048 +11.880
62.876 +14.520
500
1.519
2 % p.a.
30
20 (10)
0
30
0
60
0
60
Maintenance
DKK/unit (m
2
)
2.010
2.163
4.022
4.246
4.414
4.622
4.853
5.096
0
Life time
years
30
25
20
Loft
40
60
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2161282_0061.png
Infiltration
In combination with mechanical ventilation the infiltration is 0,13 l/s per m
2
gross floor area.
Airing at summer
The air exchange rate in relation to airing at summer time is 3,00 l/s per m
2
gross floor area in average.
Solar cells, PV
The solar cell, PV system has a peak power of 165 Wp/m
2
and a system effi-
ciency, R
p
of 0,75. The cells are mounted at the roof with a slope of 20
o
and
a horizontal cut off of 10
o
. The need to change the inverter due to shorter
lifetime of the inverter compared to the solar panels is treated separately in
the cost calculations.
The tables below and on next page list the packages of energy saving
measures calculated for the existing single family house from 1930. Each
package includes additional insulation on the loft, additional insulation on the
external walls, additional insulation in the basement slap, windows with
specified energy class and PV. For each of the packages the primary energy
demand, the macro economical net present value and the financial net pre-
sent value is shown.
Mechanical ventilation is not tested as measure in the single house from
1930, because it is known from the analysis of the new single house, that
mechanical ventilation is not cost efficient.
For the single family house from 1930 with district heating there is a gap of 5
% between the renovation class 2 requirement in BR18 and the point of cost
optimal. In relation to renovation class 1 PV is needed and there is a nega-
tive gap of - 58 %
Existing single family house from 1930 with district heating. Energy saving measures, primary energy
consumption, macro economical and financial net present value.
Code
SF30.DH.000.T.NV.No
SF30.DH.000.B.NV.No
SF30.DH.010.B.NV.No
SF30.DH.020.B.NV.No
SF30.DH.011.B.NV.No
SF30.DH.111.B.NV.No
SF30.DH.211.B.NV.No
SF30.DH.311.B.NV.No
SF30.DH.411.B.NV.No
SF30.DH.511.B.NV.No
SF30.DH.611.B.NV.No
SF30.DH.511.A.NV.No
SF30.DH.911.A.NV.No
SF30.DH.921.A.NV.No
SF30.DH.931.A.NV.No
SF30.DH.931.A.NV.PV1
Loft Wall Slap. Win.
mm mm mm Class
100
100
100
0
0
70
0 Th.
0 B
0 B
0 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 A
70 A
70 A
70 A
70 A
Vent.
Type
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
PV
-
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
PV1
Energy
kWh/m
2
269,12
249,41
166,79
131,54
144,96
135,10
131,91
129,53
127,71
126,16
124,97
122,32
118,49
83,95
79,82
52,39
NPV-m
DKK/m
2
2.768
3.277
3.285
4.084
3.249
3.254
3.239
3.228
3.240
3.250
3.270
3.347
3.396
4.200
4.395
4.706
NPV-f
DKK/m
2
7.007
7.401
5.948
6.257
5.643
5.538
5.486
5.447
5.439
5.433
5.441
5.514
5.526
5.848
5.979
6.239
100 195
100
145
170
195
220
245
270
245
345
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
345 195
345 270
345 270
61
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2161282_0062.png
For the single family house from 1930 with natural gas heating there is a gap
of 4 % between the renovation class 2 requirement in BR18 and the point of
cost optimal. In relation to renovation class 1 PV is needed and there is a
negative gap of - 46 %
For the single family house from 1930 with heat pump heating there is a gap
of 10 % between the renovation class 2 requirement in BR18 and the point
of cost optimal. In relation to renovation class 1 PV is needed and there is a
negative gap of - 49 %
Existing single family house from 1930 with natural gas heating. Energy saving measures, primary en-
ergy consumption, macro economical and financial net present value.
Code
SF30.Gas.000.T.NV.No
SF30.Gas.000.B.NV.No
SF30.Gas.010.B.NV.No
SF30.Gas.020.B.NV.No
SF30.Gas.011.B.NV.No
SF30.Gas.211.B.NV.No
SF30.Gas.411.B.NV.No
SF30.Gas.511.B.NV.No
SF30.Gas.611.B.NV.No
SF30.Gas.511.A.NV.No
SF30.Gas.721.A.NV.No
SF30.Gas.721.A.NV.PV1
Loft Wall Slap. Win.
mm mm mm Class
100
100
100
0
0
70
0 Th.
0 B
0 B
0 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 A
70 A
70 A
Vent.
Type
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
PV Energy NPV-m
-
No 303,34
No 281,70
No 191,06
No 152,35
No 167,15
No 152,67
No 147,95
No
146,34
No 144,96
No 142,07
No 101,42
PV1 78,32
3.217
3.702
3.277
4.088
3.249
3.243
3.244
3.255
3.275
3.353
4.195
4.535
NPV-f
7.769
8.119
6.480
6.708
6.126
5.936
5.878
5.870
5.874
5.941
6.180
6.203
kWh/m
2
DKK/m
2
DKK/m
2
100 195
100
170
220
245
270
245
70
70
70
70
70
70
225 195
225 195
Existing single family house from 1930 with heat pump air - water heating. Energy saving measures, pri-
mary energy consumption, macro economical and financial net present value.
Code
SF30.HPA.000.T.NV.No
SF30.HPA.000.B.NV.No
SF30.HPA.010.B.NV.No
SF30.HPA.020.B.NV.No
SF30.HPA.011.B.NV.No
SF30.HPA.111.B.NV.No
SF30.HPA.211.B.NV.No
SF30.HPA.311.B.NV.No
SF30.HPA.411.B.NV.No
SF30.HPA.511.B.NV.No
SF30.HPA.611.B.NV.No
SF30.HPA.711.B.NV.No
SF30.HPA.811.B.NV.No
SF30.HPA.911.B.NV.No
SF30.HPA.811.A.NV.No
Loft Wall Slap. Win.
mm mm mm Class
100
100
100
0
0
70
0 Th.
0 B
0 B
0 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 A
70 A
Vent.
Type
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
PV Energy NPV-m NPV-f
-
kWh/m
2
DKK/m
2
DKK/m
2
11.678
11.833
9.516
9.565
9.031
8.866
8.795
8.742
8.723
8.708
8.708
8.700
8.694
8.698
8.739
9.440
No 265,87 4.948
No 243,22 5.412
No 153,49 4.936
No 119,20 5.752
No 131,56 4.906
No 122,43
4.920
100 195
100
145
170
195
220
245
270
295
320
345
320
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
No 119,51 4.908
No 117,32 4.898
No 115,61 4.911
No 114,22 4.923
No 113,08 4.943
No 112,18 4.952
No
111,37 4.961
No 110,72 4.976
No 107,36 5.057
PV1 56,65 6.412
SF30.HPA.821.A.NV.PV1 320 195
62
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2161282_0063.png
Single family house 1960
The design and basic starting data of the reference building for existing sin-
gle family house from 1960 is described in the annex.
In the table below are listed the relevant insulation thickness and the related
U-values. For the ground slap in the case of 45 mm insulation it is over the
concrete slap. In the case of 50 mm insulation or more it is below the con-
crete slap. The cost for the different solutions is shown in the next table.
Single family house 1960. Insulation thickness in the building elements and the related U-value of the
construction.
Level
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Loft
mm
100
100+45
100+70
100+95
100+120
100+145
100+170
100+195
100+220
100+245
W/m
2
K
0,333
0,237
0,204
0,180
0,160
0,144
0,132
0,121
0,112
0,104
Walls, heavy
mm
+0
+125
+200
+250
W/m
2
K
0,640
0,196
0,143
0,121
Walls, light
mm
+0
+45
+70
+95
W/m
2
K
0,404
0,286
0,246
0,208
Ground slap
mm
100
150
200
275
300
400
W/m
2
K
0,241
0,183
0,148
0,114
0,106
0,083
(45) 0,369
District heating unit
For district heating the price includes the removal of the old heating unit, the
installation of the district heating unit and also the connection to the main
pipes inclusive of meter.
New gas boiler
The new condensing gas boiler has an efficiency of 0,98 at full load and 1,07
at part load. The new boiler also includes new, well insulated DHW tank and
new efficient control of the heating.
New air to water heat pump
The prices available are based on heat pumps tested at 7/35 °C. The figures
in brackets in the table are for the normal test temperature set of 0/35 °C. In
accordance with DS469 an air to water heat pump is required to cover the
total heat demand down till an external temperature of -7 C without addi-
tional heating from an electric heating element. If connected to a radiator
heating system with a design supply temperature of 70 °C the nominal heat-
ing power of the air to water heat pump at test temperatures should be at
least 100 % higher than the design heat loss of the building at an external
temperature of -12 C inclusive of the heating power needed for heating of
domestic hot water.
The air to water heat pump has a COP at normal test temperatures of 4,10.
The heat pump is with on-off control. The relative COP at 50 % part load is
0,93 for the actually used 16 kW heat pump.
63
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Existing single family house 1960. Investment in the energy saving measures, maintenance costs and
life time of the elements. Investments and cost in the table are exclusive of VAT. 25 % VAT is added in
the calculations.
Building element
District heating unit
Gas boiler
Heat pump
Air to water
Size, insulation
or type
All
16 kW
6 (6,5) kW
9 (8,6)
11 (11,1)
13 (12,3)
16 (15,2)
18 (17,6)
4,4 m
2
6,6
100 mm
100+45
100+70
100+95
100+120
100+145
100+170
100+195
100+220
100+245
Wall, heavy
external
+0 mm
+125
+200
+250
Wall, light
external
+0 mm
+45
+70
+95
Slap on ground
(45) mm
100
150
200
275
300
400
Windows
Ventilation
PV
+ inverter
1:
2:
3:
4:
6:
B
A
Natural
Mechanical
1,40 kWp
2,20
3,00
4,30
6,00
Investment etc.
DKK/unit (m
2
)
50.201
54.064
100.553
106.153
110.353
115.353
121.121
127.177
44.876
52.841
176
258
266
272
299
322
353
370
385
407
0
1.486
1.804
2.074
0
111
117
153
0
1.014
1.053
1.091
1.148
1.223
1.300
3.719
4.465
15.000
52.657
19.110 + 5.500
28.204 + 8.140
36.498 + 8.140
48.048 +11.880
62.876 +14.520
500
1.519
2 % p.a.
30
20 (10)
0
30
0
60
0
60
0
60
Maintenance
DKK/unit (m
2
)
2.010
2.163
4.022
4.246
4.414
4.622
4.853
5.096
898
1.057
0
40
Life time
years
30
25
20
Solar heating
incl. storage tank
Loft
25
64
 KEF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 242: Orientering om aflevering af Danmarks langsigtede renoveringsstrategi
Loft
Prices are inclusive of removal of existing insulation. This is more cost effi-
cient than relining of partly damaged, existing insulation.
Windows
Windows are energy class B and A in accordance with the requirements in
BR 18 for 2018 and 2020.
Natural ventilation
Air exchange rates in the case of natural ventilation are 0,30 l/s per m
2
gross
floor area inclusive of infiltration.
Mechanical ventilation
The mechanical ventilation has an basic mechanical air exchange rate of
0,30 l/s per m
2
gross floor area. The heat recovery efficiency is 0,85 and the
minimum inlet temperature is 18
o
C. The specific power for air transportation,
SEL is 1,00 kJ/m
3
.
Infiltration
In combination with mechanical ventilation the infiltration is 0,13 l/s per m
2
gross floor area.
Airing at summer
The air exchange rate in relation to airing at summer time is 3,00 l/s per m
2
gross floor area in average.
Solar cells, PV
The solar cell, PV system has a peak power of 165 Wp/m
2
and a system effi-
ciency, R
p
of 0,75. The cells are mounted at the roof with a slope of 20
o
and
a horizontal cut off of 10
o
. The need to change the inverter due to shorter
lifetime of the inverter compared to the solar panels is treated separately in
the cost calculations.
The tables on the next pages list the packages of energy saving measures
calculated for the existing single family house from 1960. Each package in-
cludes additional insulation on the loft, additional insulation on the external
heavy walls, additional insulation on the light external walls, insulation of the
ground slap, windows with specified energy class and PV. For each of the
packages the primary energy demand, the macro economical net present
value and the financial net present value is shown.
Mechanical ventilation is not tested as measure in the single house from
1960, because it is known from the analysis of the new single house, that
mechanical ventilation is not cost efficient.
For the single family house from 1960 with district heating there is a gap of
10 % between the renovation class 2 requirement in BR18 and the point of
cost optimal. In relation to renovation class 1 PV is needed and there is a
negative gap of - 51 %.
For the single family house from 1960 with natural gas heating there is a gap
of 10 % between the renovation class 2 requirement in BR18 and the point
of cost optimal. In relation to renovation class 1 PV is not needed and there
is a negative gap of - 48 %.
For the single family house from 1960 with heat pump heating there is a gap
of 20 % between the renovation class 2 requirement in BR18 and the point
of cost optimal. In relation to renovation class 1 PV is needed and there is a
negative gap of - 39 %.
65
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Existing single family house from 1960 with district heating. Energy saving measures, primary energy
consumption, macro economical and financial net present value.
Code
Loft W.h. W.l Slap. Win.
mm mm mm mm Class
SF60.DH.0000.Th.NV.No 100
SF60.DH.0000.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.1000.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.2000.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.3000.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.4000.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.5000.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.6000.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.5100.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.5010.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.5020.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.5030.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.5031.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.5032.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.5033.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.5034.B.NV.No
SF60.DH.5030.A.NV.No
SF60.DH.5030.B.MV.No
SF60.DH.5030.A.MV.No
SF60.DH.9230.A.NV.No
100
145
170
195
220
245
270
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
70
95
(45) Th.
(45) B
(45) B
(45) B
(45) B
(45) B
(45) B
(45) B
(45) B
(45) B
(45) B
(45) B
Vent.
Type
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
MV
MV
NV
NV
PV Energy
-
No 165,45
No 137,57
No 129,20
No 126,30
No 124,21
No 122,45
No 121,06
No 120,01
No
98,19
NPV-m
2.487
3.121
3.136
3.124
3.115
3.127
3.138
3.158
3.723
3.142
3.138
3.139
3.809
3.816
3.830
3.859
3.271
3.695
3.817
4.051
4.347
NPV-f
DKK/m
2
4.964
5.470
5.393
5.346
5.313
5.306
5.303
5.314
5.565
5.282
5.269
5.262
5.806
5.776
5.767
5.773
5.377
6.084
6.157
5.761
5.660
kWh/m
2
DKK/m
2
245 125
245
245
245
245
245
245
245
245
245
245
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
No 119,06
No 118,36
No
117,66
No 111,03
No 108,13
No 106,31
No 104,63
No 112,81
No 113,85
No 107,47
No
84,05
95 100 B
95 150 B
95 200 B
95 275 B
95
95
95
95
95
(45) A
(45) B
(45) A
(45) A
(45) A
345 200
SF60.DH.9230.A.NV.PV1 345 200
PV1 57,87
Existing single family house from 1960 with natural gas heating. Energy saving measures, primary en-
ergy consumption, macro economical and financial net present value.
Code
SF60.Gas.0000.Th.N.No
SF60.Gas.0000.B.N.No
SF60.Gas.1000.B.N.No
SF60.Gas.2000.B.N.No
SF60.Gas.3000.B.N.No
SF60.Gas.4000.B.N.No
SF60.Gas.5000.B.N.No
SF60.Gas.6000.B.N.No
SF60.Gas.5100.B.N.No
SF60.Gas.5010.B.N.No
SF60.Gas.5020.B.N.No
SF60.Gas.5030.B.N.No
SF60.Gas.5031.B.N.No
SF60.Gas.5030.A.N.No
SF60.Gas.9230.A.N.No
Loft W.h. W.l Slap. Win.
100
100
145
170
195
220
245
270
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 (45) Th.
0 (45) B
0 (45) B
0 (45) B
0 (45) B
0 (45) B
0 (45) B
0 (45) B
0 (45) B
45 (45) B
70 (45) B
95 (45) B
95 100 B
95 (45) A
95 (45) A
95 (45) A
Vent.
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
PV
-
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Energy
184,21
153,73
144,70
141,52
139,16
137,32
135,77
134,65
110,79
133,53
132,82
132,09
124,81
126,71
95,33
69,17
NPV-m
2.518
3.162
3.182
3.170
3.161
3.175
3.186
3.207
3.779
3.191
3.187
3.189
3.861
3.322
4.113
4.410
NPV-f
DKK/m
2
5.488
5.933
5.840
5.786
5.747
5.738
5.731
5.740
5.944
5.705
5.692
5.683
6.212
5.787
6.109
6.350
mm mm mm mm Class Type
kWh/m
2
DKK/m
2
245 125
245
245
245
245
245
0
0
0
0
0
345 200
345 200
66
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2161282_0067.png
Existing single family house from 1960 with air – water heat pump. Energy saving measures, primary
energy consumption, macro economical and financial net present value.
Code
Loft W.h. W.l Slap. Win.
mm mm mm mm Class
SF60.HPA.0000.Th.NV.No 100
SF60.HPA.0000.B.NV.No
SF60.HPA.1000.B.NV.No
SF60.HPA.2000.B.NV.No
SF60.HPA.3000.B.NV.No
SF60.HPA.4000.B.NV.No
SF60.HPA.5000.B.NV.No
SF60.HPA.6000.B.NV.No
SF60.HPA.5100.B.NV.No
SF60.HPA.5010.B.NV.No
SF60.HPA.5020.B.NV.No
SF60.HPA.5030.B.NV.No
SF60.HPA.5031.B.NV.No
SF60.HPA.5030.A.NV.No
SF60.HPA.9030.A.NV.No
SF60.HPA.9030.A.MV.No
100
145
170
195
220
245
270
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 (45) Th.
0 (45) B
0 (45) B
0 (45) B
0 (45) B
0 (45) B
0 (45) B
0 (45) B
0 (45) B
45 (45) B
70 (45) B
95 (45) B
95 100 B
95 (45) A
95 (45) A
95 (45) A
95 (45) A
Vent.
Type
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
MV
MV
PV
-
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
PV1
Energy
141,38
112,36
104,31
101,06
99,63
97,98
96,70
95,72
76,12
94,80
94,15
93,56
87,54
88,70
85,94
83,14
56,98
NPV-m NPV-f
3.859 7.933
4.494 8.181
4.514 8.046
4.504 7.980
4.496 7.933
4.509 7.915
4.521 7.904
4.543 7.908
5.128 8.042
4.527 7.869
4.524 7.852
4.525 7.842
5.201 8.349
4.660 7.920
4.717 7.928
4.284 8.647
5.581 8.920
kWh/m
2
DKK/m
2
DKK/m
2
245 125
245
245
245
245
245
345
345
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SF60.HPA.9030.A.MV.PV1 345
67
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Multifamily house 1930
The design and basic starting data of the reference building for existing mul-
tifamily house from 1930 is described in the annex.
In the table below are listed the relevant insulation thickness and the related
U-values. The cost for the different solutions is shown in the next table.
Multifamily house 1930. Insulation thickness in the building elements and the related U-value of the con-
struction.
Level
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Loft
mm
100
100+45
100+70
100+95
100+120
100+145
100+170
100+195
100+220
100+245
W/m
2
K
0,362
0,251
0,215
0,188
0,167
0,150
0,136
0,125
0,115
0,107
Walls, heavy
mm
+0
+125
+200
+250
W/m
2
K
1,668
0,267
0,178
0,146
Basement slap
Mm
0
70
W/m
2
K
0,782
0,425
District heating unit
For district heating the price includes the removal of the old heating unit, the
installation of the district heating unit and also the connection to the main
pipes inclusive of meter.
Loft
Prices are inclusive of removal of existing insulation. This is more cost effi-
cient than relining of partly damaged, existing insulation.
Windows
Windows are energy class B and A in accordance with the requirements in
BR 18 for 2018 and 2020.
Balanced mechanical ventilation
The mechanical ventilation has an basic mechanical air exchange rate of
0,30 l/s per m
2
gross floor area in average due to demand control. The heat
recovery efficiency is 0,80 and the minimum inlet temperature is 18
o
C. The
specific power for air transportation, SEL is 1,50 kJ/m
3
at average ventilation
flow.
Improved mechanical ventilation
The improved mechanical ventilation has a heat recovery efficiency of 0,85
and a specific power for air transportation, SEL of 1,50 kJ/m
3
.
Infiltration
In combination with mechanical ventilation the infiltration is 0,13 l/s per m
2
gross floor area.
68
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Airing at summer
The air exchange rate in relation to airing at summer time is 3,00 l/s per m
2
gross floor area in average.
Solar cells, PV
The solar cell, PV system has a peak power of 165 Wp/m
2
and a system effi-
ciency, R
p
of 0,75. The cells are mounted at the roof with a slope of 25
o
and
a horizontal cut off of 5
o
. The need to change the inverter due to shorter life-
time of the inverter compared to the solar panels is treated separately in the
cost calculations.
Multifamily house 1930. Investment in the energy related building elements, maintenance costs and life
time of the elements. Investments and cost in the table are exclusive of VAT. 25 % VAT is added in the
calculations.
Building element
District heating unit
Loft
Size, insulation
or type
All
100
100+45
100+70
100+95
100+120
100+145
100+170
100+195
100+220
100+245
Walls, heavy
external
+0
+125
+200
+250
Basement slap
Windows
Natural ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
PV
+ inverter
B
A
Standard
Standard
Improved
1:
2:
3:
4:
6:
0 mm
70
Investment etc.
DKK/unit (m
2
)
97.320
161
236
244
250
277
300
331
348
363
385
0
1.431
1.749
2.019
0
140
3.256
4.066
50
500
600
1,40 kWp
2,20
3,00
4,30
6,00
1
5
6
19.110 + 5.500
28.204 + 8.140
36.498 + 8.140
48.048 +11.880
62.876 +14.520
2 % p.a.
30
0
30
0
60
0
60
Maintenance etc.
DKK/unit (m
2
)
3.866
0
Life time
years
30
40
The table on next page list the packages of energy saving measures calcu-
lated for the existing multifamily house from 1930 with district heating. Each
package includes additional insulation on the loft, additional insulation on the
external heavy walls, additional insulation of the basement slap, windows
with specified energy class and balanced mechanical ventilation with heat
recovery as an alternative to the natural stack system. For each of the pack-
ages the primary energy demand, the macro economical net present value
and the financial net present value is shown.
69
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For the multifamily house from 1930 with district heating PV is needed to ful-
fil both the renovation class 2 and the renovation class 1 requirement. For
the multi family house from 1930 with district heating there is a gap of 89 %
between the renovation class 2 requirement in BR18 and the point of cost
optimal. In relation to renovation class 1 there is a negative gap of - 9 %.
Existing multifamily house from 1930 with district heating. Energy saving measures, primary energy con-
sumption, macro economical and financial net present value.
Code
MF30.DH.000.Th.NV.No
MF30.DH.000.B.NV.No
MF30.DH.100.B.NV.No
MF30.DH.200.B.NV.No
MF30.DH.300.B.NV.No
MF30.DH.400.B.NV.No
MF30.DH.500.B.NV.No
MF30.DH.600.B.NV.No
MF30.DH.700.B.NV.No
MF30.DH.501.B.NV.No
MF30.DH.501.B.NV.PV1
Loft Wall Slap. Win.
mm mm mm Class
100
100
145
170
195
220
245
270
295
245
245
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 Th.
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 B
70 A
70 B
70 B
70 B
Vent.
Type
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV
MV
iMV
NV
PV
-
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Energy
kWh/m
2
142,90
129,08
126,62
125,83
125,23
124,77
124,40
124,09
123,84
119,71
NPV-m
DKK/m
2
1.215
1.495
1.495
1.492
1.489
1.492
1.494
1.499
1.501
1.490
1.511
1.626
1.790
1.901
1.863
2.340
2.442
1.893
NPV-f
DKK/m
2
3.010
3.218
3.190
3.178
3.168
3.166
3.164
3.166
3.166
3.102
3.103
3.427
2.580
2.639
2.642
3.407
3.485
2.701
PV1 118,29
PV15 104,43
No
No
No
No
No
PV2
55,29
51,61
52,35
55,66
52,28
50,11
MF30.DH.501.B.NV.PV15 245
MF30.DH.511.B.NV.No
MF30.DH.521.B.NV.No
MF30.DH.511.A.NV.No
MF30.DH.511.B.MV.No
MF30.DH.511.B.iMV.No
MF30.DH.511.B.NV.PV2
245 125
245 200
245 125
245 125
245 125
245 125
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Multifamily house 1960
The design and basic starting data of the reference building for existing mul-
tifamily house from 1960 is described in the annex.
In the table below are listed the relevant insulation thickness and the related
U-values. The cost for the different solutions is shown in the next table.
Multifamily house 1960. Insulation thickness in the building elements and the related U-value of the con-
struction.
Level
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Loft
mm
50
100
100+45
100+70
100+95
100+120
100+145
100+170
100+195
100+220
100+245
W/m
2
K
0,555
0,333
0,237
0,204
0,180
0,160
0,144
0,132
0,121
0,112
0,104
Walls, light
mm
50
100
100+45
100+70
100+95
W/m
2
K
0,664
0,404
0,286
0,246
0,208
Basement slap
mm
+0
+50
+100
+150
W/m
2
K
0,459
0,286
0,208
0,163
District heating unit
For district heating the price includes the removal of the old heating unit, the
installation of the district heating unit and also the connection to the main
pipes inclusive of meter.
Loft
Prices are inclusive of removal of existing insulation. This is more cost effi-
cient than relining of partly damaged, existing insulation.
Light walls
Prices are first for additional insulation possibly in the existing construction
width and then for the additional construction and insulation increasing the
construction width. Original insulation is maintained in the existing construc-
tion.
Windows
Windows are energy class B and A in accordance with the requirements in
BR 18 for 2018 and 2020.
Balanced mechanical ventilation
The mechanical ventilation has an basic mechanical air exchange rate of
0,30 l/s per m
2
gross floor area in average due to demand control. The heat
recovery efficiency is 0,80 and the minimum inlet temperature is 18
o
C. The
specific power for air transportation, SEL is 1,50 kJ/m
3
at average ventilation
flow.
Improved mechanical ventilation
The improved mechanical ventilation has a heat recovery efficiency of 0,85
and a specific power for air transportation, SEL of 1,50 kJ/m
3
.
71
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Infiltration
In combination with mechanical ventilation the infiltration is 0,13 l/s per m
2
gross floor area.
Airing at summer
The air exchange rate in relation to airing at summer time is 3,00 l/s per m
2
gross floor area in average.
Solar cells, PV
The solar cell, PV system has a peak power of 165 Wp/m
2
and a system effi-
ciency, R
p
of 0,75. The cells are mounted at the roof with a slope of 25
o
and
a horizontal cut off of 5
o
. The need to change the inverter due to shorter life-
time of the inverter compared to the solar panels is treated separately in the
cost calculations.
Multifamily house 1960. Investment in the energy related building elements, maintenance costs and life
time of the elements. Investments and cost in the table are exclusive of VAT. 25 % VAT is added in the
calculations.
Building element
District heating unit
Loft
Size, insulation
or type
All
50
100
100+45
100+70
100+95
100+120
100+145
100+170
100+195
100+220
100+245
Walls, light
50
100
100+45
100+70
100+95
Basement slap
0 mm
50
100
150
Windows
Mechanical exhaust
Mechanical ventilation
PV
+ inverter
1:
2:
3:
4:
6:
B
A
Standard
Standard
Improved
1,40 kWp
2,20
3,00
4,30
6,00
Investment etc.
DKK/unit (m
2
)
97.320
101
161
236
244
250
277
300
331
348
363
385
0
38
98
103
135
0
312
385
408
3.256
4.066
100
450
550
19.110 + 5.500
28.204 + 8.140
36.498 + 8.140
48.048 +11.880
62.876 +14.520
1
5
6
2 % p.a.
20 (10)
30
0
30
0
60
0
60
Maintenance etc.
DKK/unit (m
2
)
3.866
0
Life time
years
30
40
72
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2161282_0073.png
The table below list the packages of energy saving measures calculated for
the existing multifamily house from 1960 with district heating. Each package
includes additional insulation on the loft, additional insulation on the external
heavy walls, additional insulation of the basement slap, windows with speci-
fied energy class, balanced mechanical ventilation with heat recovery as an
alternative to the mechanical exhaust system and PV. For each of the pack-
ages the primary energy demand, the macro economical net present value
and the financial net present value is shown.
For the multifamily house from 1960 with district heating there is a gap of 48
% between the renovation class 2 requirement in BR18 and the point of cost
optimal. In relation to renovation class 1 PV is needed and there is a nega-
tive gap of - 17 %.
PV is in this case cost efficient to install on the roof of the building. If PV are
included in calculating the point of cost optimal the gap to renovation class 2
will increase to 52 % and the negative gap to renovation class 1 will de-
crease to – 15 %.
Existing multifamily house from 1960 with district heating. Energy saving measures, primary energy con-
sumption, macro economical and financial net present value.
Code
MF60.DH.000.Th.Exh.No
MF60.DH.000.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.100.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.200.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.300.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.400.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.500.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.600.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.700.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.610.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.620.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.630.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.640.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.641.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.642.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.643.B.Exh.No
MF60.DH.643.A.Exh.No
MF60.DH.643.B.MV.No
MF60.DH.643.B.Exh.PV2
MF60.DH.643.B.Exh.PV3
MF60.DH.643.B.Exh.PV4
MF60.DH.1043.A.Exh.No
Loft Wall Slap. Win.
mm mm mm Class
50
50
100
145
170
195
220
245
270
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
0 Th.
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
50 B
Vent.
Type
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
MV
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
Exh.
PV
-
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
PV2
PV3
PV4
No
Energy
kWh/m
2
109,84
89,16
84,35
82,27
81,56
81,05
80,62
80,28
80,03
71,10
67,19
65,89
64,66
62,05
60,85
60,17
55,98
45,84
58,94
58,49
57,76
55,43
NPV-m
DKK/m
2
958
1.382
1.362
1.365
1.362
1.359
1.363
1.365
1.371
1.314
1.307
1.300
1.302
1.346
1.352
1.352
1.464
1.702
1.364
1.365
1.361
1.479
1.517
NPV-f
DKK/m
2
2.419
2.737
2.661
2.640
2.629
2.621
2.619
2.619
2.622
2.457
2.401
2.377
2.365
2.373
2.364
2.355
2.453
2.709
2.360
2.341
2.349
2.463
2.511
245 100
245 145
245 170
245 195
245 195
245 195 100 B
245 195 150 B
245 195 150 A
245 195 150 B
245 195 150 B
245 195 150 B
245 195 150 B
345 195 150 A
MF60.DH.1043.A.Exh.PV10 345 195 150 A
PV10 49,65
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Office building 1960
The design and basic starting data of the reference building for existing of-
fice buildings from 1960 is described in the annex.
In the table below are listed the relevant insulation thickness and the related
U-values. The cost for the different solutions is shown in the next table.
Office building 1960. Insulation thickness in the building elements and the related U-value of the con-
structions.
Level
0
1
2
3
4
5
Flat roof
mm
155
190
255
310
370
470
W/m
2
K
0,196
0,161
0,120
0,099
0,083
0,066
Walls, heavy
mm
+0
+125
+200
+250
W/m
2
K
1,726
0,261
0,154
0,127
Walls, light
mm
50
100
100+45
100+70
100+95
W/m
2
K
0,664
0,404
0,286
0,246
0,208
Basement slap
mm
+0
+50
+100
+150
W/m
2
K
0,459
0,286
0,208
0,163
District heating unit
For district heating the price includes the removal of the old heating unit, the
installation of the district heating unit and also the connection to the main
pipes inclusive of meter.
Roof
Prices are inclusive of removal of existing insulation. This is more cost effi-
cient than relining of partly damaged, existing insulation.
Light walls
Prices are first for additional insulation possinly in the existing construction
weith and then for the additional construction and insulation increasing the
construction weith. Original insulation is maintained in the existing construc-
tion.
Windows
Windows are energy class B and A in accordance with the requirements in
BR 18 for 2018 and 2020.
Standard mechanical ventilation system
The standard mechanical ventilation system has an average air exchange
rate of 1,10 l/s per m
2
gross floor area due to demand control. In summer the
air exchange rate can increase to 1,50 l/s per m
2
. The heat recovery effi-
ciency is 0,80 and the minimum inlet temperature is 18
o
C. The specific
power for air transportation, SEL is 2,10 kJ/m
3
.
Improved mechanical ventilation system
The improved mechanical ventilation system has a heat recovery efficiency
of 0,85 and the specific power for air transportation, SEL is 1,50 kJ/m
3
.
Infiltration
In combination with mechanical ventilation the infiltration is 0,13 l/s per m
2
gross floor area.
Airing at summer
The air exchange rate in relation to airing at summer time is 1,80 l/s per m
2
gross floor area in average at day time. At night time the air exchange rate in
average is up till 2,40 l/s per m
2
gross floor area.
74
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Standard lighting system
Installed power in the office areas is 8 W/m
2
. There are automatic continu-
ous daylight control in the lighting zones.
Improved lighting system
Installed power in office areas is reduced to 5 W/m
2
by the use of LED light-
ing.
Solar cells, PV
The solar cell, PV system has a peak power of 165 Wp/m
2
and a system effi-
ciency, R
p
of 0,75. The cells are mounted with a slope of 20
o
on the flat roof.
The horizontal cut off of 5
o
for the first row of cells and 10
o
for the next rows
of cells The need to change the inverter due to shorter lifetime of the inverter
compared to the solar panels is treated separately in the cost calculations.
Office building 1960. Investment in the energy related building elements, maintenance costs and life
time of the elements. Investments and cost in the table are exclusive of VAT.
Building element
District heating unit
Flat roof
Size, insulation
or type
All
155 mm
190
255
310
370
470
Walls, heavy
external
+0
+125
+200
+250
Walls, light
50
100
100+45
100+70
100+95
Basement slap
0 mm
50
100
150
Windows
Mechanical ventilation
Lighting
PV
+ inverter
1:
2:
3:
4:
6:
9:
12:
B
A
Standard
Improved
Standard
Improved
1,40 kWp
2,20
3,00
4,30
6,00
9,00
12,0
Investment etc.
DKK/unit (m
2
)
97.320
476
512
595
660
702
772
0
1.431
1.749
2.019
0
38
98
103
135
0
312
385
408
3.256
4.066
900
1.100
324
389
19.110 + 5.500
28.204 + 8.140
36.498 + 8.140
48.048 +11.880
62.876 +14.520
91.230 + 14.520
119.590 + 18.920
2 % p.a.
20 (10)
10
12
0
20
25
0
30
0
60
0
60
0
60
Maintenance etc.
DKK/unit (m
2
)
3.866
0
Life time
years
30
40
75
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2161282_0076.png
The table below list the packages of energy saving measures calculated for
the existing office building from 1960 with district heating. Each package in-
cludes additional insulation on the roof, additional insulation on the external
heavy walls, additional insulation on the light external walls, additional insu-
lation of the basement slap, windows with specified energy class, standard
or improved update of the balanced mechanical ventilation, standard or im-
proved update of the lighting system and possibly PV. For each of the pack-
ages the primary energy demand, the macro economical net present value
and the financial net present value is shown.
For the office building from 1960 with district heating there is a gap of 46 %
between the renovation class 2 requirement in BR18 and the point of cost
optimal. In relation to renovation class 1 PV is needed and there is a nega-
tive gap of - 7 %.
PV is in this case cost efficient to install on the roof of the building. If PV are
included in calculating the point of cost optimal the gap to renovation class 2
will increase to 65 % and the gap to renovation class 1 will be converted to a
positive gap of 5 %.
Existing office building from 1960 with district heating. Energy saving measures, primary energy con-
sumption and financial net present value.
Code
Roof W.h. W.l Slap. Win.
mm mm mm mm Class
OB60.DH.0000.Th.S.S.No 155
OB60.DH.0000.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1000.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.2000.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1100.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1200.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1110.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1120.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1130.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1140.B.S.S.No
155
190
255
0
0
0
0
50
50
50
50
50
50
0 Th.
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
50 B
Vent.
Type
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
Imp.
St.
St.
St.
St.
Light PV Energy NPV-m NPV-f
Type -
kWh/m
2
DKK/m
2
DKK/m
2
St. No 128,40 1.924 2.622
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
96,74 2.500 2.978
96,08 2.503 2.977
95,33 2.513 2.981
77,69 2.550 2.897
76,41 2.573 2.904
73,98 2.538 2.868
72,34 2.539 2.860
71,80 2.537 2.855
71,28 2.584 2.854
190 125
190 200
190 125 100
190 125 145
190 125 170
190 125 195
OB60.DH.1140.B.S.S.PV9 190 125 195
OB60.DH.1141.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1142.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1140.A.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1140.B.I.S.No
OB60.DH.1140.B.S.I.No
OB60.DH.1140.B.S.I.PV6
190 125 195
St. PV9 61,57 2.550 2.802
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
Imp. No
69,10 2.575 2.865
68,14 2.582 2.863
61,78 2.675 2.927
66,57 2.720 2.979
66,22 2.586 2.843
190 125 195 100 B
190 125 195
190 125 195
190 125 195
190 125 195
0 A
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
Imp. PV6 62,49 2.608 2.835
Imp. PV12
58,80 2.621 2.829
Imp. PV18 55,14 2.638 2.834
OB60.DH.1140.B.S.I.PV12 190 125 195
OB60.DH.1140.B.S.I.PV18 190 125 195
76
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Office building 1980
The design and basic starting data of the reference building for existing of-
fice buildings from 1980 is described in the annex.
In the table below are listed the relevant insulation thickness and the related
U-values. The table only differs from the table for the 1960 office building in
relation to the heavy and light external walls being better insulated from the
start in the 1980 office building.
The cost for the different solutions is the same as for the 1960 office build-
ing.
Office building 1980. Insulation thickness in the building elements and the related U-value of the con-
structions.
Level
0
1
2
3
4
5
Flat roof
mm
155
190
255
310
370
470
W/m
2
K
0,196
0,161
0,120
0,099
0,083
0,066
Walls, heavy
mm
+0
+125
+200
+250
W/m
2
K
0,475
0,244
0,144
0,121
Walls, light
mm
50
100
100+45
100+70
100+95
W/m
2
K
0,525
0,404
0,286
0,246
0,208
Basement slap
mm
+0
+50
+100
+150
W/m
2
K
0,385
0,256
0,191
0,153
The table on next page list the packages of energy saving measures calcu-
lated for the existing office building from 1980 with district heating. Each
package includes additional insulation on the roof, additional insulation on
the external heavy walls, additional insulation on the light external walls, ad-
ditional insulation of the basement slap, windows with specified energy
class, standard or improved update of the balanced mechanical ventilation,
standard or improved update of the lighting system and possibly PV. For
each of the packages the primary energy demand, the macro economical
net present value and the financial net present value is shown.
For the office building from 1980 with district heating there is a gap of 15 %
between the renovation class 2 requirement in BR18 and the point of cost
optimal. In relation to renovation class 1 PV is needed and there is a nega-
tive gap of - 1 %.
PV is in this case cost efficient to install on the roof of the building. If PV are
included in calculating the point of cost optimal the gap to renovation class 2
will increase to 29 % and the gap to renovation class 1 will be converted to a
positive gap of 11 %.
77
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2161282_0078.png
Existing office building from 1980 with district heating. Energy saving measures, primary energy con-
sumption and financial net present value.
Code
Roof W.h. W.l Slap. Win.
mm mm mm mm Class
OB80.DH.0000.Th.S.S.No 155
OB80.DH.0000.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1000.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.2000.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1100.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1010.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1020.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1030.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1040.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1041.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1042.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1040.A.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1040.B.I.S.No
OB80.DH.1040.B.S.I.No
OB80.DH.1040.B.S.I.PV1
OB80.DH.1040.B.S.I.PV9
155
190
255
0
0
0
0
70
70
70
70
70
0 Th.
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
50 B
Vent.
Type
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
Imp.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
Light PV
Type -
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
St. No
Imp. No
Imp. PV1
Imp. PV9
Energy NPV-m NPV-f
kWh/m
2
DKK/m
2
DKK/m
2
108,10 1.831 2.438
77,84 2.413 2.807
77,23 2.417 2.806
76,52 2.427 2.811
74,51 2.535 2.868
75,49 2.414 2.795
73,83 2.414 2.786
73,27 2.412 2.782
72,75 2.414 2.781
71,10 2.453 2.797
70,28 2.460 2.796
72,75 2.594 2.941
68,06 2.596 2.906
67,71 2.462 2.770
66,84 2.470 2.771
62,15 2.488 2.757
190 125
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
0 100
0 145
0 170
0 195
0 195
0 195 100 B
0 195
0 195
0 195
0 195
0 195
0 195
0 195
0 195
0 A
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
0 B
OB80.DH.1040.B.S.I.PV12 190
OB80.DH.1040.B.S.I.PV15 190
OB80.DH.1040.B.S.I.PV18 190
Imp. PV12
60,33 2.496 2.756
Imp. PV15 58,49 2.505 2.758
Imp. PV18 56,64 2.514 2.761
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Sensitivity analysis
Sensitivity analysis are performed with a higher energy price development of
+ 2,0 % p.a. and with a higher discount rate of 4,0 % p.a. and with a higher
interest rate of 3,0 % p.a. The analysis is performed for the office building
with district heating constructed in 1960 and 1980, see table at this page and
on next page.
No change in the cost optimum point can be observed in relation to addi-
tional energy price development or in relation to additional development of
the rates for the existing office building from 1960.
For the office building from 1980 there is a small change in the cost optimum
point in relation to the PV power installed in the direction of installation of
more PV. The opposite can be observed in the case where there is an addi-
tional development of the rates.
Existing office building from 1960 with district heating. Energy saving measures, primary energy con-
sumption and financial net present value. Sensitivity analysis.
Energy + 2,0 % p.a.
Code
OB60.DH.0000.Th.S.S.No
OB60.DH.0000.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1000.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.2000.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1100.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1200.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1110.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1120.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1130.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1140.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1140.B.S.S.PV9
OB60.DH.1141.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1142.B.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1140.A.S.S.No
OB60.DH.1140.B.I.S.No
OB60.DH.1140.B.S.I.No
OB60.DH.1140.B.S.I.PV6
OB60.DH.1140.B.S.I.PV12
OB60.DH.1140.B.S.I.PV18
Energy
kWh/m
2
128,40
96,74
96,08
95,33
77,69
76,41
73,98
72,34
71,80
71,28
61,57
69,10
68,14
61,78
66,57
66,22
62,49
58,80
55,14
NPV-m
DKK/m
2
2.109
2.650
2.652
2.661
2.678
2.700
2.662
2.661
2.658
2.660
2.665
2.693
2.699
2.785
2.845
2.703
2.723
2.734
2.750
NPV-f
DKK/m
2
3.011
3.293
3.290
3.293
3.168
3.173
3.130
3.118
3.113
3.111
3.037
3.116
3.113
3.161
3.230
3.081
3.064
3.052
3.053
Rates 4,0 & 3,0 % p.a.
NPV-m
DKK/m
2
1.885
2.505
2.508
2.520
2.580
2.608
2.570
2.572
2.570
2.573
2.586
2.616
2.624
2.720
2.759
2.622
2.644
2.657
2.675
NPV-f
DKK/m
2
2.430
2.918
2.920
2.928
2.916
2.936
2.894
2.890
2.887
2.888
2.823
2.918
2.922
2.997
3.034
2.890
2.888
2.886
2.894
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Existing office building from 1980 with district heating. Energy saving measures, primary energy con-
sumption and financial net present value. Sensitivity analysis.
Energy + 2,0 % p.a.
Code
OB80.DH.0000.Th.S.S.No
OB80.DH.0000.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1000.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.2000.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1100.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1010.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1020.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1030.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1040.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1041.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1042.B.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1040.A.S.S.No
OB80.DH.1040.B.I.S.No
OB80.DH.1040.B.S.I.No
OB80.DH.1040.B.S.I.PV1
OB80.DH.1040.B.S.I.PV9
OB80.DH.1040.B.S.I.PV12
OB80.DH.1040.B.S.I.PV15
OB80.DH.1040.B.S.I.PV18
Energy
kWh/m
2
108,10
77,84
77,23
76,52
74,51
75,49
73,83
73,27
72,75
71,10
70,28
72,75
68,06
67,71
66,84
62,15
60,33
58,49
56,64
NPV-m
DKK/m
2
1.993
2.541
2.544
2.554
2.660
2.539
2.538
2.535
2.537
2.574
2.580
2.716
2.722
2.580
2.588
2.604
2.611
2.619
2.627
NPV-f
DKK/m
2
2.779
3.078
3.076
3.079
3.132
3.061
3.049
3.043
3.041
3.053
3.050
3.201
3.161
3.012
3.011
2.987
2.983
2.982
2.983
Rates 4,0 & 3,0 % p.a.
NPV-m
DKK/m
2
1.801
2.426
2.430
2.442
2.566
2.428
2.430
2.429
2.431
2.476
2.485
2.618
2.617
2.480
2.489
2.508
2.516
2.525
2.533
NPV-f
DKK/m
2
2.281
2.780
2.781
2.790
2.893
2.774
2.770
2.767
2.767
2.801
2.806
2.947
2.914
2.770
2.772
2.765
2.766
2.769
2.774
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Component requirements
In this section the component requirements to the individual elements in the
building envelope of existing buildings undergoing renovation is analysed
based on financial costs. The method and data used is in principles the
same as for the analyses on building level. The heating demand calculation
is simplified by using the heating degree day method with 3600 DD/ann.
The cost optimal level of insulation in the building envelope elements and
the requirements in BR18 to the same elements is shown in the tables be-
low. The first table is for single family houses with district heating. The sec-
ond table is for single family houses with natural gas heating. The last table
is for larger buildings with district heating e.g. multifamily houses and office
buildings. The only difference in the two situations is the lower cost for the
constructions in larger buildings.
In relation to U-values negative difference indicates the requirements to be
tighter than the EU cost-optimal level.
For the parallel roof both the EU cost optimum insulation thickness and the
Danish requirement based on profitability is to at least fill the available con-
struction height.
Filling of cavity walls with insulations is included both in relation to the EU
cost optimum insulation thickness and in relation to the Danish requirement
based on profitability. The same is the case with filling of cavity in wooden
construction basement slaps over unheated basements.
There are small differences in the result for buildings heated by district heat-
ing and buildings heated by natural gas.
The result for buildings heated with heat pumps are between the results for
buildings heated by district heating and buildings heated by natural gas. If
the heat pump is new and efficient the results for buildings with heat pumps
are close to the results for district heated buildings. If the heat pump is old
and low efficient the result are close to the results for buildings with natural
gas heating
The requirements in the Danish Building Regulations to the individual build-
ing elements in the building envelope in case of renovation inclusive of major
renovations are in most situations at the point of cost optimal. But differ-
ences occurs. In the case of parallel roof the question of increasing the con-
struction height has a gap of 50 % for newer construction with a construction
height of 120 mm in the calculations. For older constructions of parallel roof
there is no gap. There is also occasional gaps of 22 % for flat roofs in single
family houses with district heating and of 30 % for old loft constructions in
single family houses with natural gas heating and for large buildings with dis-
trict heating. Negative gap of -16 % occours for slap on ground insulation be-
low hard floors in single family houses with district heating. Negative gap of -
23 % occours for external insulation of heavy solid walls in single family
houses with natural gas heating and for large buildings with district heating.
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EU cost-optimal level and Danish energy requirement level in BR18 in relation to renovation of the con-
structions in the building envelope. Single family houses with district heating.
EU:
Loft, newer
Loft, older
Parallel roof *, newer (120 mm construct.)
Parallel roof *, older (95 mm construct.)
Flat roof *
Heavy solid wall, external insulation
Heavy insul. cavity wall, ext. insulation
Insulated light wall, additional insulation
Slap on ground, wooden floor, insul. above
Slap on ground, hard floor, insul. below
* Not in the reference buildings.
U-value
0,145
0,150
0,198
0,225
0,161
0,261
0,640
0,208
0,369
0,145
DK:
240
245
120
165
155
125
0
95
45
200
U-value
0,150
0,150
0,297
0,225
0,196
0,261
0,640
0,208
0,369
0,122
Gap
%
4
0
50
0
22
0
0
0
0
- 16
mm insul. W/m
2
K
245
245
190
165
190
125
0
95
45
150
mm insul. W/m
2
K
EU cost-optimal level and Danish energy requirement level in BR18 in relation to renovation of the con-
structions in the building envelope. Single family houses with natural gas heating.
EU:
Loft, newer
Loft, older
Parallel roof *, newer (120 mm construct.)
Parallel roof *, older (95 mm construct.)
Flat roof *
Heavy solid wall, external insulation
Heavy insul. cavity wall, ext. insulation
Insulated light wall, additional insulation
Slap on ground, wooden floor, insul. above
Slap on ground, hard floor, insul. below
* Not in the reference buildings.
U-value
0,145
0,115
0,198
0,225
0,161
0,261
0,640
0,208
0,369
0,122
DK:
240
245
120
165
190
170
0
95
45
200
U-value
0,150
0,150
0,297
0,225
0,161
0,200
0,640
0,208
0,369
0,122
Gap
%
4
30
50
0
0
- 23
0
0
0
0
mm insul. W/m
2
K
245
320
190
165
190
125
0
95
45
200
mm insul. W/m
2
K
EU cost-optimal level and Danish energy requirement level in BR18 in relation to renovation of the con-
structions in the building envelope. Large buildings with district heating.
EU:
Loft, newer
Loft, older
Parallel roof *, newer (120 mm construct.)
Parallel roof *, older (95 mm construct.)
Flat roof *
Heavy solid wall, external insulation
Heavy insul. cavity wall, ext. insulation
Insulated light wall, additional insulation
Slap on ground, wooden floor, insul. above
Slap on ground, hard floor, insul. below
* Not in the reference buildings.
U-value
0,145
0,115
0,198
0,225
0,161
0,261
0,640
0,208
0,369
0,122
DK:
240
245
120
165
190
170
0
95
45
200
U-value
0,150
0,150
0,297
0,225
0,161
0,200
0,640
0,208
0,369
0,122
Gap
%
4
30
50
0
0
- 23
0
0
0
0
mm insul. W/m
2
K
245
320
190
165
190
125
0
95
45
200
mm insul. W/m
2
K
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References
The reference list includes publications relevant to this report. The publica-
tions can be in English or in Danish. If there is an English version of a publi-
cation the Danish version of the same publication will not be on the list. If a
publication is only in Danish the translation of the title into English is in
brackets after the Danish title.
A large number of European Standards (EN's) is also used in relation to the
Danish regulations. They can easily be found on the home page of CEN or
the national standardisation bodies inclusive of Danish Standards and are
for practical reasons not listed here.
COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 Janu-
ary 2012 supplementing Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament
and of the Council on the energy performance of buildings by establishing a
comparative methodology framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of
minimum energy performance requirements for buildings and building ele-
ments.
DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings (recast).
NOTICES FROM EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS, BODIES, OFFICES
AND AGENCIES EUROPEAN COMMISSION. Guidelines accompanying
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012
supplementing Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the
Council on the energy performance of buildings by establishing a compara-
tive methodology framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of minimum
energy performance requirements for buildings and building elements
(2012/C 115/01).
Bygningsreglement 2015 (In Danish), [Danish Building Regulations 2015],
Danish Transportation and Building Agency.
Bygningsreglement 2018 (In Danish), [Danish Building Regulations 2018],
Danish Transportation, Building and Housing Agency.
www.bygningsreglementet.dk
(In Danish with parts in English)
DS 418: Beregning af bygningers varmetab (In Danish) [Calculation of heat
loss from buildings]. Danish Standards, April 2011.
DS 447: Ventilation i bygninger – mekaniske, naturlige og hybride ventilati-
onssystemer (In Danish), [Ventilation for buildings – mecanical, natural and
hybrid ventilation systems. Danish Standards, 2013.
DS 452: Termisk isolering af tekniske installationer (In Danish) [Code of
Practice for thermal insulation of technical service and supply systems in
buildings]. Danish Standards, 2013.
DS 469: Varme- og køleanlæg i bygninger (In Danish) [Heating and cooling
systems in buildings]. Danish Standards, 2013.
83
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2161282_0084.png
SBi-Anvisning 213: Bygningers energibehov (In Danish) [The energy de-
mand of buildings]. Danish Building Research Institute - SBi, 2018.
SBi 2016:13: Energikrav til nybyggeriet 2015 - Økonomisk analyse (In Dan-
ish) [Energy requirements to new buildings 2015 - Economical Analyses].
Danish Building Research Institute - SBi, 2016.
SBi 2017:16: Varmebesparelser i eksisterende bygninger – Potentiale og
økonomi (In Danish) [Heat savings in existing buildings – Potential and eco-
nomic]. Danish Building Research Institute - SBi, 2017.
www.bbr.dk
(In Danish). Ministry of Taxation.
Statistical Yearbook 2017 (2016 figures). Danish Statistics, 2017.
www.statistikbanken.dk.
Danish Statistics.
Denmark's Energy and Climate Outlook 2017. Danish Energy Agency, 2017.
Danish Energy Statistics 2016. Danish Energy Agency, 2016.
DMI Technical Report 13-19: 2001-2010 Danish Design Reference Year.
København: Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut, 2013.
Forudsætninger for samfundsøkonomiske analyser på energiområdet (In
Danish) [Assumptions for socio-economic analyses in the energy sector].
Danish Energy Agency, September, 2017.
Forudsætninger for samfundsøkonomiske analyser på energiområdet - Ta-
beller september 2017 (In Danish) [Assumptions for socio-economic analy-
ses in the energy sector - Tables September 2017]. Danish Energy Agency,
September, 2017.
www.energitilsynet.dk
(In Danish). The Danish Energy Regulatory Authority.
Molio Prisdata 2017 (in Danish) [Molio Price Data]. Molio 2017
Produktoversigt 2017 (In Danish) [Product Summary 2017] Organization of
Danish Thermal Insulation Suppliers.
SBi 2013:25: Cost-Optimal levels of minimum Energy Perfomance Require-
ments in the Danish Building Regulations. Danish Building Research Insti-
tute - SBi, 2013.
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Appendix: Reference buildings
New buildings
New single-family house
North and South facade
East and West gable
Plan
The house has a gross floor area of 149,6 m² and includes living room, din-
ing room, 4 bedrooms, kitchen, utility room and two bathrooms.
There is an open attic with insulation on the loft. The external wall is an insu-
lated cavity wall with 100 mm light concrete inner wall and a �½ stone brick in
the external façade. The top of the foundations are made of insulated light
concrete aggregate blocks. The slap on ground is 100 mm concrete with
floor heating and insulation below the concrete. The partition walls are made
of light concrete blocks. The window area is 22,0 % compared to the floor
area.
At the starting point there are natural ventilation in the house with external
air vents in the living rooms, exhaust ducts from kitchen and bathrooms and
a cooker hood in the kitchen.
The heat supply is either district heating or ground coupled heat pump. The
ground coupled heat pump is on-off controlled and has a COP of 3,2 at test
temperatures 0/45
o
C.
Pipes and fittings are insulated in accordance with DS 452.
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2161282_0086.png
New multifamily house
South facade and plan
The building is 3 storey with a heated gross floor area of 1080 m², 360 m²
gross floor area per storey. There are 6 small apartments of 66 m² each and
6 large apartments of 91 m² each. The window area is 22,5 % compared to
the floor area. The major part of window area in the flats is facing South.
There are also large glazed areas in the stairways is facing North.
There is an open attic with insulation on the loft. The external wall is an insu-
lated cavity wall with 100 - 150 mm concrete inner wall and a �½ stone brick
in the external façade. The basement slap is 185 mm hollow core concrete
with floor heating on top. There is 50 mm insulation between the floor heat-
ing and the concrete slap. The apartment partition walls are made of con-
crete elements. The interior partition walls in the flats are gypsum plate
walls.
At the starting point there are demand controlled mechanical balanced venti-
lation with heat recovery in the house with air inlet in the living rooms, ex-
haust from kitchen and bathrooms and a cooker hood in the kitchen.
The heat supply is district heating. There are horizontal distribution pipes in
the basement and vertical circulation of domestic hot water till the flats on
first floor. Pipes and fittings are insulated in accordance with DS 452.
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2161282_0087.png
New office building
Facades
Gable
Floor plan
The office building is 4 storey and has a heated gross floor area of 3283 m².
The building is 50,7 m x 16,4 m. There is an unheated technic room at the
roof and an unheated basement. The ceiling height is 2,80 m along the fa-
cades and 2,50 m in the centre of the building to allow space for ventilation
ducts. The storey height is 3,60 m. The facades has large window area with
airing windows at the top, large sealed glazing in the middle and in insulated
lower wall below. In the stairway room all squares in the facade is glazed.
The faced towards North and South are identical. The window area is 27,2
% compared to the floor area and 44 % of the total façade area inclusive of
gables.
The roof is flat with insulation and felt on top of the concrete slaps. The ga-
ble walls are insulated cavity walls with 100 - 150 mm concrete inner wall
and a �½ stone brick in the external façade. The basement slap is 185 mm
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hollow core concrete with flooring on top. The load baring partition walls are
made of concrete elements. The rest of the partition walls are made of gyp-
sum plates.
There are automatic controlled external solar shading with a solar reduction
factor of 0,20 in front of all windows.
At the starting point there are balanced mechanical ventilation with heat re-
covery in the offices at a demand controlled average ventilation rate of 1,1
liter/sek. per m² gross floor area. The heat recovery efficiency is 0,80 and
the power needed for air transportation, SEL is 2,1 kJ/m³. The airing win-
dows are automatically controlled with the possibility to open during opera-
tion hours and at night time. There is mechanical exhaust from the toilets
without heat recovery.
The lighting level is 300 lux in the offices and 100 lux in other rooms. The in-
stalled power is 8 W per m² gross floor area in the offices and 5 W per m² in
other rooms. The lighting fixtures are automatically daylight controlled in
three rows from the façade. The lighting in the stairway is always on. In night
there are light in the stairway and in the escalator plus in selected fixtures in
the stairway room and in the core zone of the offices.
The office building is connected to the district heating network and heated by
radiators. There are vertical distribution pipes for heating and hot water to
both sides of the stairway. There is circulation on the hot water. Pipes and
fittings are insulated in accordance with DS 452.
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Existing buildings
Single-family house 1930
The house is a bungalow from 1932 with a gross floor area of 103 m² on the
first floor. It includes living room, dining room, bedroom, kitchen and bath-
room. The basement is with full ceiling height and half below, half above the
exterior terrain level. The window area is 16 % compared to the floor area.
Windows are at the starting point installed I the 60's and have double glaz-
ing.
There is an open attic with insulation on the loft. At the starting point there is
95 mm insulation on the loft installed in the late 70's. The external wall is an
un-insulated cavity wall with solid brickwork around window and door open-
ings. The basement slap is a wood construction without thermal insulation.
The basement wall and floor is made of concrete without any insulation
At the starting point there is natural ventilation in the house without any spe-
cific ventilation provisions. The airtightness of the building envelop is lacking
especial around windows and doors. There is a cooker hood in the kitchen.
The heat supply is either district heating, gas boiler or external air heat
pump.
Pipes and fittings are insulated with 10 mm insulation. There is a 200 liter
DHW tank insulated with 30 mm.
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2161282_0090.png
Single-family house 1960
Facade to the North
Plan
The house is with a gross floor area of 108 m². It includes living room, dining
room, 3 bedroom, kitchen, utility room and bathroom. The window area is 22
% compared to the floor area.
There is an open attic with insulation on the loft. At the starting point there is
95 mm insulation on the loft installed in the late 70's. The external wall is an
cavity wall with 75 mm insulation solid brickwork around window and door
openings. The South façade is a light wall with 95 mm insulation. The slap
on ground is a concrete slap with a wooden floor on top. There is 50 mm in-
sulation between the concrete and the floring
At the starting point there is natural ventilation in the house with exhaust
ducts from kitchen and bathroom but no specific provisions for air supply.
The airtightness of the building envelop is lacking especial around windows
and doors. There is a cooker hood in the kitchen.
The heat supply is either district heating, gas boiler or external air heat
pump.
Pipes and fittings are insulated with 20 mm insulation. There is a 200 liter
DHW tank insulated with 30 mm.
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 KEF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 242: Orientering om aflevering af Danmarks langsigtede renoveringsstrategi
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Multifamily house 1930
South facade
North facade
Plan
The building is 4 storey with 24 flats and a heated gross floor area of 1664
m². Each flat includes living room, bedroom, kitchen and bathroom. The win-
dow area is 12 % compared to the floor area. The windows are installed in
the 80's and are with double glazing. There is an un-heated basement.
There is an open attic with insulation on the loft. At the starting point there is
95 mm insulation on the loft installed in the late 70's. The external wall is an
un-insulated cavity wall with solid brickwork around window and door open-
ings. The basement slap is a wood construction without thermal insulation.
The basement wall and floor is made of concrete without any insulation
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At the starting point there is natural ventilation in the house with exhaust
ducts from kitchens and bathrooms but no specific provisions for air supply.
The airtightness of the building envelop is lacking especial around windows
and doors. There is a cooker hood in the kitchens.
The heat supply is district heating. There are horizontal distribution pipes in
the basement and vertical circulation of domestic hot water till the flats on
second floor.
Pipes and fittings are insulated with 20 mm insulation. There is a 1000 liter
DHW tank insulated with 30 mm.
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 KEF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 242: Orientering om aflevering af Danmarks langsigtede renoveringsstrategi
2161282_0093.png
Multifamily house 1960
North facade
Plan of flat
The building is 4 storey with 40 flats and a heated gross floor area of 3640
m². Each flat includes living room, 2 bedrooms, kitchen and bathroom. The
window area is 17 % compared to the floor area. The windows are with dou-
ble glazing. There is an un-heated basement.
There is an open attic with insulation on the concrete slap. At the starting
point there is 95 mm insulation on the loft. The external wall is a light
wooden construction with 95 mm insulation. The partition walls are made of
concrete. The basement slap is a concrete construction without thermal in-
sulation. The basement wall and floor is made of concrete without any insu-
lation
At the starting point there is mechanical exhaust in the house with exhaust
from kitchens and bathrooms but no specific provisions for air supply. The
airtightness of the building envelop is lacking especial around windows and
doors. There is a cooker hood in the kitchens.
The heat supply is district heating. There are horizontal distribution pipes in
the basement and vertical circulation of domestic hot water till the flats on
the second floor.
Pipes and fittings are insulated with 20 mm insulation. There is a 1000 liter
DHW tank insulated with 30 mm.
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 KEF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 242: Orientering om aflevering af Danmarks langsigtede renoveringsstrategi
Office building 1960
The office building from 1960 has basically the same design and type of in-
stallations as the office building from 1980 and as the new office building.
But the energy efficiency of the constructions and installations are different.
The flat roof is with 100 mm insulation and felt on top of the concrete slaps.
The windows are with double glazing. The lower wall below the windows is
with 95 mm insulation.The gable walls are massive walls with 100 - 150 mm
concrete inner wall and a �½ stone brick in the external façade. The base-
ment slap is 185 mm hollow core concrete with flooring on top. There is no
insulation in the gable walls or in the basement slap. The load baring parti-
tion walls are made of concrete elements. The rest of the partition walls are
made of gypsum plates.
There are automatic controlled external solar shading with a solar reduction
factor of 0,20 in front of all windows.
At the starting point there are demand controlled balanced mechanical venti-
lation with heat recovery in the offices at an average ventilation rate of 1,1 li-
ter/sek. per m² gross floor area. The power needed for air transportation,
SEL is 2,1 kJ/m³. The airing windows are automatically controlled with the
possibility to open during operation hours and during night time. There is
mechanical exhaust from the toilets without heat recovery.
The lighting level is 300 lux in the offices and 100 lux in other rooms. The in-
stalled power is 8 W per m² gross floor area in the offices and 5 W per m² in
other rooms. The lighting is on during operation hours. The lighting in the
stairway is always on. In night there are light in the stairway and in the esca-
lator plus in selected fixtures in the stairway room and in the core zone of the
offices.
The office building is connected to the district heating network and heated by
radiators. There are vertical distribution pipes for heating and hot water to
both sides of the stairway. There is circulation on the hot water. Pipes and
fittings are insulated according to DS 432.
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 KEF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 242: Orientering om aflevering af Danmarks langsigtede renoveringsstrategi
Office building 1980
The office building from 1980 has basically the same design and type of in-
stallations as the office building from 1960 and as the new office building.
But the energy efficiency of the constructions and installations are different.
The flat roof is with 100 mm insulation and felt on top of the concrete slaps.
The windows are with double glazing. The lower wall below the windows is
with 95 mm insulation.The gable walls are with 100 - 150 mm concrete inner
wall, 80 mm cavity with insulation and a �½ stone brick in the external façade.
The basement slap is 185 mm hollow core concrete with flooring on top.
There is no insulation in the gable walls or in the basement slap. The load
baring partition walls are made of concrete elements. The rest of the parti-
tion walls are made of gypsum plates.
There are automatic controlled external solar shading with a solar reduction
factor of 0,20 in front of all windows.
At the starting point there are demand controlled balanced mechanical venti-
lation with heat recovery in the offices at an average ventilation rate of 1,1 li-
ter/sek. per m² gross floor area. The power needed for air transportation,
SEL is 2,1 kJ/m³. The airing windows are automatically controlled with the
possibility to open during operation hours and during night time. There is
mechanical exhaust from the toilets without heat recovery.
The lighting level is 300 lux in the offices and 100 lux in other rooms. The in-
stalled power is 8 W per m² gross floor area in the offices and 5 W per m² in
other rooms. The lighting is on during operation hours. The lighting in the
stairway is always on. In night there are light in the stairway and in the esca-
lator plus in selected fixtures in the stairway room and in the core zone of the
offices.
The office building is connected to the district heating network and heated by
radiators. There are vertical distribution pipes for heating and hot water to
both sides of the stairway. There is circulation on the hot water. Pipes and
fittings are insulated according to DS 432.
95