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EUROPEAN

COMMISSION

Brussels, 15.5.2023

SWD(2023) 701 final

PART 1/2

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT

Statistical and analytical Annex

Accompanying the document

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE

COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE

COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS

EU Voluntary Review on progress in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for

Sustainable Development

{COM(2023) 700 final} - {SWD(2023) 700 final} - {SWD(2023) 702 final} -

{SWD(2023) 703 final}

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Introduction

The aim of this statistical and analytical annex is to showcase the EU SDG indicators and their development

since the SDGs were adopted in 2015. The annex also presents synergies and trade-offs between the SDGs

based on a literature review carried out by the Joint Research Centre, together with an overview of how

interlinkages apply to EU reporting on Official Development Assistance (ODA) in support of SDG

implementation outside the EU.

EU SDG indicators

This statistical and analytical annex (SAA) presents EU-level data for the official EU SDG indicators, to

accompany the first EU Voluntary Review. The data and figures in this annex refer to the 2023 edition of the

EU SDG indicator set. The indicator set was developed by the European Commission in 2017 to monitor the

SDGs in an EU context. The selection of indicators is updated every year. The EU SDG indicator set serves

as the basis for

Eurostat’s annual monitoring report

on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context.

The 2023 edition of the EU SDG indicator set consists of 100 indicators that are structured along the 17 SDGs

and cover the social, economic, environmental and institutional dimensions of sustainability as represented

by the Agenda 2030. Each SDG is covered by a maximum of six main indicators. They have been selected

to reflect the SDGs’ broad objectives and ambitions, taking into account their policy relevance from an EU

perspective, availability, country coverage, data freshness and statistical quality.

The EU SDG indicator set is aligned as far as appropriate with the UN list of global indicators. However, the

UN indicators are selected for global level reporting for countries at all levels of development and are therefore

not always relevant in an EU context. Moreover, the EU SDG indicators have strong links with EU policy

initiatives.

Therefore, preference is given to indicators which are also part of a high-level scoreboard of EU

policies such as the social scoreboard for the European pillar of social rights or the monitoring framework for

the 8th environment action programme (EAP).

Focus can also vary on some issues – for example, on SDG

2 ‘Zero hunger’ the EU focuses more on environmentally sustainable agriculture compared to the global level.

Within this context, 68 of the current EU SDG indicators are aligned with the UN SDG indicators. A total of 33

indicators are ‘multi-purpose’, meaning they are used to monitor more than one goal. This highlights the

interlinkages between different goals. As a result, each goal is monitored through 7 to 11 indicators in total.

A total of 24 indicators have a policy target with a level defined by the EU to be reached in the coming years.

The EU SDG indicator set is reviewed annually to consider new policy developments and priorities and include

new indicators as methodologies, technologies and data sources evolve over time. The annual review

involves many services of the European Commission, European agencies such as the European Environment

Agency (EEA), national statistical institutions in the EU Member States, and civil society.

In this statistical and analytical annex, the EU SDG indicators are presented in a manner that reflects different

aspects within a goal, consistent with the approach in the annual Eurostat monitoring reports. ‘Multi-purpose’

indicators are only shown once, for example ‘Road traffic deaths’ are reported under SDG 11, although it is

also an indicator for SDG 3. The indicator presentation focuses on the period starting from 2015 – the year

the 2030 Agenda was adopted – until the latest available data point (usually 2022 or 2021). To facilitate

comparison with EU trends before the start of SDG implementation, the charts in this annex usually show

development since 2010 in a lighter colour than the time series from 2015 onwards. For indicators with a

quantifiable target, where there is an EU policy setting a level set to be achieved, the target and the year by

which it should be achieved are also shown on the graph. The graphs are accompanied by a short definition

of each indicator.

For a more in-depth analysis of the EU’s progress towards the SDGs, see Eurostat’s publication

Sustainable

Development in the European Union – Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context -

2022 edition

and the accompanying communication products and interactive visualisations on

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi.

All available breakdowns of the EU SDG indicators, for example

breakdown by regions and age, are also presented here:

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database.

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In addition, Eurostat publishes a broad range of statistics and publications on topics relevant for the

implementation of the SDGs:

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/home.

Mapping EU policies with the 2030 Agenda and the SDG targets

The Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) carried out a study to investigate the way in which SDGs are

mainstreamed into EU policies. It analysed how the current Commission’s policy initiatives (more than 6 000

documents between 2019 and 2022) are semantically linked to the 2030 Agenda and to the content of the

SDG targets (JRC,

2023).

A general overview of the number of policy documents addressing the different

SDG targets is provided in the bubble chart below: the size of each bubble corresponds to the total number

of policy initiatives linked to the respective SDG target.

Direct references to SDGs were found in almost 900 out of 6 000 documents analysed. A large number of

policy initiatives in the last triennium revealed links with SDG 3 and target 3.d

(on managing global health

risks) and SDG8 on decent work and economic growth, as a policy response to the challenges of the COVID-

19 pandemic. Other frequently detected SDG targets highlight the EU’s commitment to achieving its EU

political priorities, such as target 9.5 on enhancing scientific research and fostering innovation which links to

‘A Europe fit for the digital age’. Targets 8.1 on sustainable growth, 8.3 on job creation and 8.5 on decent

work and productive employment support ‘An economy that works for the people’ through policy initiatives,

such as the European Regional Development Fund and the Cohesion Fund. Targets 10.3 on reducing

inequalities and 16.3 on promoting the rule of law link to the Commission’s priority of ‘Promoting our European

way of life’. The ‘European Green Deal’ is fostered by a myriad of policy initiatives that link to various UN

targets under numerous SDGs (most detected targets are: 2.1 on food security, 2.3 on agricultural production,

7.2 on increasing renewable energy shares, 7.3 on energy efficiency, 12.5 on waste management, 13.2 on

integrating climate change measures into national policy making, 15.2 on deforestation and 15.5 on

biodiversity).

The results of the analysis as well as the underlying database with the list of all EU policies and their relation

to the SDG framework are available on the Commission’s

KnowSDGs platform.

This platform includes an

online tool, the SDG mapper, accessible to registered users to carry out mappings on the relevant SDGs in

any document.

Figure 1:

Goals and UN targets of the SDG framework addressed by EU policy documents, 2019–2022

Note: The size of the bubbles depends on the number of EU policy documents addressing a specific UN target.

Source:

JRC information, based on EUR-Lex data (EU policy documents available for the period 01/12/2019 to 15/01/2022)

Target 3.d: “Strengthen

the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and

management of national and global health risks”.

A detailed description of the full set of SDGs, targets and UN/EU indicators

is described in the available on the

KnowSDGs platform.

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Synergies and trade-offs between SDGs

As described in the EU Voluntary Review main report and the introduction of the main annex by SDG, SDG

interlinkages refer to the complex network of interconnections that exist across the SDGs, their targets and

indicators: these interconnections can be positive (synergies), negative (trade-offs) or both, and can happen

at different geographical and temporal scales with different impacts. The

JRC SDG Interlinkages Tool

on the

KnowSDGs Platform

is based on an exhaustive review and in-depth analysis of the interlinkages described

in the literature published from 2015, the year of adoption of the 2030 Agenda, to August 2022. The database

of the JRC SDG Interlinkages Tool contains more than 18 000 interlinkages with information on the type of

interlinkages, the direction of impact, its description, and the geographical and temporal scales among other

variables. The richness of the database and the level of granularity captured makes the Tool a valuable source

to analyse the cascading interactions that exist across the SDGs. The figures on interlinkages presented in

this document are drawn up using the Tool and its database. For that purpose, interlinkages with clear

directionality, i.e., with a clear source of impact, were aggregated at the goal level in order to visualise the

positive and negative effect of one specific SDG on the rest of the SDG network.

Official Development Assistance (ODA) and SDGs

In the main annex by SDG, quantitative information is provided on how external action by EU institutions

and as a complement the EU and the Member States collectively as Team Europe, contributes to each SDG,

based on reporting on SDGs to the OECD. Given that many projects are designed and reported as

contributing to several SDGs, the figures mentioned in each SDG chapter aim to gather information on all

projects relevant to any given SDG, but should not be aggregated in raw, to avoid double counting.

Reporting on the SDGs often faces concerns regarding double counting. To mitigate such concerns, the

Commission’s methodology for reporting ODA contribution to the SDGs incorporates the additional feature of

indicating for each project not only all the relevant SDGs, but also to identify one main SDG per project

. As

described recently in the

2022 Annual Report

on the Implementation of the EU’s External Action Instruments

in 2021, with this combined information, the sum of financial flows related to the main SDG reported in each

project will always equal the total amount of financial flows, while the reporting of other significant SDGs will

allow to visualise how many projects are relevant to any given SDG, thereby providing a better understanding

of interlinkages between SDGs (see figure 2).

Based on OECD methodology, this includes ODA as reported by the European Commission (Development Share of Budget

and European Development Fund) and European Investment Bank

Note: this data is only available for the European Commission’s ODA

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Figure 2:

Synthesis of the volume of ODA commitments for each SDG (as main SDG and significant SDG) in 2021

(commitments)

Note: Main SDG amounts are represented by the darker colours, whereas significant SDG amounts are shown by transparently

coloured bars

Source:

The

2022 Annual Report

on the Implementation of the European Union’s External Action Instruments in 2021, Section

5.1.3 (New reporting system on SDGs), page 173.

Based on this combined information about which SDGs were reported as main SDG and as significant SDG,

and aggregating data on such correspondences, the Commission has developed its understanding on how

the external actions that it manages contribute to various SDGs, unveiling innovative information relevant for

addressing interlinkages on SDGs in the design and reporting of interventions. An overview of this matrix of

SDG interactions is shown in Figure 3.

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Figure 3:

Relationship between SDGs based on reporting of EU external interventions (2022, commitments)

The y-axis shows the main SDG and is shown with its linked significant SDGs in the x-axis. The numbers and the colour intensity

indicate the number of times each connection occurs.

Building on this general overview, the statistical and analytical annex of the EU Voluntary Review provides,

for each SDG, visual information on the interlinkages between ODA for each SDG and the rest of the SDGs.

This includes specifying the most common interactions, distinguishing when the SDG at stake is reported as

main SDG (thereby indicating which other SDGs are more often associated as significant) and when this

same SDG is reported instead as significant (indicating in that case which are the main SDGs most often

associated in the projects reported).

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SDG 1 – No poverty

EU SDG indicators

1.1 – Multidimensional poverty

People at risk of poverty or social exclusion

Figure 1.1:

People at risk of poverty or social exclusion, EU, 2015-2021

This indicator measures the

number of people affected by at

(million people)

least one of the following three

forms of poverty or social

exclusion: income poverty,

severe material and social

deprivation and very low work

intensity (see the more detailed

descriptions of these components

below).

Note: Break in time series in 2020. The target figures shown for 2030 refer to a

reduction of 15 million people at risk of poverty or social exclusion, including 5 million

children, compared with 2019 levels.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_01_10)

People at risk of income poverty after social transfers

Figure 1.2:

People at risk of income poverty after social transfers, EU, 2010-

This indicator measures the

2021 (million people)

number of people with an

equivalised disposable income

below the risk-of-poverty

threshold. This is set at 60 % of

the national median

equivalised disposable income

after social transfers.

Note: 2010–2018 data are estimated; break in time series in 2020.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_01_20)

Severe material and social deprivation

This indicator is defined as the

Figure 1.3:

Severe material and social deprivation, EU, 2015-2021

(million people)

proportion of the population

experiencing an enforced lack

of at least 7 out of 13 deprivation

items (6 of these items are

related to the individual and 7 to

the household).

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_01_31)

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People living in households with very low work intensity

Figure 1.4:

People living in households with very low work intensity, EU,

This indicator describes the

share of people aged under 65

2015-2021

(million people aged less than 65)

living in households where

the working-age adults aged 18

to 64 worked equal or less than

20% of their total combined

potential work-time during the

previous 12 months.

Note: 2019 data are estimated.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_01_40)

In work at-risk-of-poverty rate

This indicator refers to the share

Figure 1.5:

In work at-risk-of-poverty rate, EU, 2010-2021

(% of population aged 18 or over)

of employed people aged 18

years or over with an income

below the poverty threshold,

which is set at 60% of the

national median equalised

disposable income. People are

considered ‘employed’ if they

held a job for more than half of

the reference year.

Note: 2010–2019 data are estimated.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_01_41)

1.2 – Basic needs

Housing cost overburden rate

The indicator reflects the share

Figure 1.6:

Housing cost overburden rate, EU, 2010-2021

(% of population)

of the population living in

households where the total

housing costs (rental or mortgage

payments and the cost of utilities

such as water, electricity, gas or

heating) represent more than

40% of the disposable income.

Note: 2014–2019 and 2021 data are estimated.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_01_50)

Further data on the SDGs are available in the Eurostat database on the EU SDG indicators

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database.

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SYNERGIES AND TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN SDGS

The figure shows positive

(synergies) and negative

(trade-offs) interactions

between SDG1 and other

SDGs. Synergies indicate that

progress of SDG1 may

contribute or enable progress

on the other connected SDGs.

Trade-offs indicate that the

achievement of SDG1 may

have negative effects and

deteriorate progress towards

the other linked SDGs.

Figure 1.7:

Interlinkages of SDG 1 with other goals

Source:

Based on literature review by JRC -

Interlinkages - targets | KnowSDGs

(europa.eu)

OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE IN SUPPORT OF SDG 1

Figure 1.8: ODA to SDG 1 and interlinkages with other goals

Source: Drawn up by JRC using EU Dashboard data on ODA (2022, commitments). The figure shows interlinkages among

SDGs measured by number of projects reported. The bottom (darker) section of the bar shows how projects where SDG1

was marked as the main SDG contribute to other SDGs (right side). The top section (lighter) shows projects where other

SDGs were selected as the main target, but that also contribute to SDG1 (left side).

Interlinkage data shows the multidimensional dimension of poverty. EU data for 2022 shows that a total of

170 projects targeted SDG1 as the main SDG. These projects contributed to other interlinked SDGs in a

rather comprehensive and balanced manner, notably SDG3, SDG4, SDG5, SDG8 and SDG13. SDG1 was

also reported as significant in 593 projects where other SDGs were marked as main SDG. The main

contributors were SDG2, SDG8 and SDG16.

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SDG 2 – Zero hunger

EU SDG indicators

2.1 – Malnutrition

Obesity rate

Figure 2.1:

Obesity rate, by body mass index (BMI), EU, 2014-2019

The body mass index (BMI) is

(% of population aged 18 or over)

defined as the weight in

kilograms divided by the square

of the height in metres. People

aged 18 years or over are

considered obese if their BMI is

equal to or greater than 30. The

category ‘pre-obese’ refers to

people with a BMI between 25

and less than 30.

Note: 2017 data are estimated.

Source:

Eurostat (online data codes:

sdg_02_10)

2.2 – Sustainable agricultural production

Agricultural factor income per annual work unit

Figure 2.2:

Agricultural factor income per annual work unit (AWU), EU, 2010-

Agricultural factor income

measures the income generated

2022 (index 2010=100)

by farming that is used to

remunerate borrowed or rented

factors of production (capital,

wages and land rents) as well as

own production factors (own

labour, capital and land). Annual

work units (AWUs) correspond to

the number of full-time equivalent

jobs.

Note: 2022 data are estimated.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_02_20)

Government support to agricultural R&D

Figure 2.3:

Government support to agricultural research and development,

This indicator refers to

government budget allocations

EU, 2010-2021 (million EUR)

for R&D (GBARD) for agriculture.

GBARD data are built up using

the guidelines laid out in the

standard practice for surveys of

research and experimental

development, the OECD’s

Frascati Manual.

Note: Estimated data.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_02_30)

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Area under organic farming

This indicator is defined as the

Figure 2.4:

Area under organic farming, EU, 2012-2020

share of total utilised agricultural

(% of utilised agricultural area)

area (UAA) occupied by organic

farming. It covers both existing

organically farmed areas and

areas undergoing conversion.

Note: 2017–2020 data are estimated or provisional.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_02_40)

2.3 – Environmental impacts of agricultural production

Ammonia emissions from agriculture

Figure 2.5:

Ammonia emissions from agriculture, EU, 2010-2020

This indicator measures

ammonia (NH

) emissions from

(million tonnes)

agricultural production. The data

come from the EU inventory on

air pollution compiled by the EEA

under the Convention on Long-

range Transboundary Air

Pollution (LRTAP). The definition

of this indicator is based on the

CAP (Common Agricultural

Policy) indicator C45 ‘Emissions

from agriculture’.

Source:

EEA (Eurostat online data code:

sdg_02_60)

Further data on the SDGs are available in the Eurostat database on the EU SDG indicators

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database.

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SYNERGIES AND TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN SDGS

The figure shows positive

(synergies) and negative

(trade-offs) interactions

between SDG2 and other

SDGs. Synergies indicate that

progress of SDG2 may

contribute or enable progress

on the other connected SDGs.

Trade-offs indicate that the

achievement of SDG2 may

have negative effects and

deteriorate progress towards

the other linked SDGs.

Figure 2.7:

Interlinkages of SDG 2 with other goals

Source:

Based on literature review by JRC -

Interlinkages - targets | KnowSDGs

(europa.eu)

OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE IN SUPPORT OF SDG 2

Figure 2.8: ODA to SDG 2 and interlinkages with other goals

The figure shows interlinkages among SDGs measured by number of projects reported, in the terms described in the figure

under SDG1.

Interlinkage data shows the multiple dimensions of SDG2. EU data for 2022 shows that a total of 79

projects targeted SDG2 as the main SDG. These projects contributed to other interlinked SDGs, notably

SDG1, SDG5, SDG8 and SDG13. SDG2 was also reported as significant in 265 projects where other SDGs

were marked as main SDG. The main contributions came from projects targeting SDG1, SDG13 and

SDG15 as the main SDG.

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SDG 3 – Good health and well-being

EU SDG indicators

3.1 – Healthy lives

Healthy life years at birth

Figure 3.1:

Healthy life years at birth, by sex, EU, 2010-2020

Healthy life years is a health

(years)

expectancy indicator which

combines information on

mortality (death rate) and

morbidity (probability of illness).

It measures the number of years

at birth that a person can expect

to live in a healthy condition.

Note: Breaks in time series in 2015 and 2016.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_03_11)

People with good or very good self-perceived health

Figure 3.2:

Share of people with good or very good perceived health, by sex,

This indicator is a subjective

EU, 2010-2021 (% of population aged 16 or over)

measure of how people judge

their health in general on a scale

from ‘very good’ to ‘very bad’.

Indicators of perceived general

health have been found to be a

good predictor of people’s future

health care use and mortality.

Note: Data for 2010–2016 and for 2020 are estimated.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_03_20)

3.2 – Health determinants

Smoking prevalence

Figure 3.3:

Smoking prevalence, by sex, EU, 2009-2020

This indicator measures the

(% of population aged 15 or over)

percentage of the population

aged 15 years and over who

report that they currently smoke

boxed cigarettes, cigars,

cigarillos or a pipe. It does not

include the use of other tobacco

and related products such as

electronic cigarettes and snuff.

Note: Data for 2009–2017 are estimated; 2012 data excluding Croatia.

Source:

European Commission services (Eurostat online data code:

sdg_03_30)

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3.3 – Causes of death

Standardised death rate due to tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis

Figure 3.4:

Standardised death rate due to tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis, by

This indicator measures the

age-standardised death rate from

type of disease, EU, 2010-2020 (number per 100 000 persons)

selected communicable

diseases. The rate is calculated

by dividing the number of people

dying due to tuberculosis, HIV

and hepatitis by the total

population. This value is then

weighted with the European

Standard Population.

Note: 2010 are estimated; 2018 and 2019 data are provisional.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_03_41)

Standardised avoidable mortality

Figure 3.5:

Standardised avoidable mortality, EU, 2011-2020

Avoidable mortality covers

(number per 100 000 persons aged less than 75 years)

mortality that can mainly be

prevented through effective

public health and primary

prevention interventions or

avoided through timely and

effective healthcare interventions,

including secondary prevention

and treatment.

Note: 2018 and 2019 data are provisional.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_03_42)

3.4 – Access to health care

Self-reported unmet need for medical care

Figure 3.6:

Self-reported unmet need for medical care, by sex, EU, 2010-

This indicator measures the

2021 (% of population aged 16 and over)

share of the population aged

16 and over reporting unmet

needs for medical care (dental

care is excluded) due to one of

the following reasons: ‘financial

reasons’, ‘waiting list’ and ‘too far

to travel’ (all three categories are

cumulated).

Note: Data for 2010–2020 are estimated.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_03_60)

Further data on the SDGs are available in the Eurostat database on the EU SDG indicators

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database.

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SYNERGIES AND TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN SDGS

The figure shows positive

(synergies) and negative

(trade-offs) interactions

between SDG3 and other

SDGs. Synergies indicate that

progress of SDG3 may

contribute or enable progress

on the other connected SDGs.

Trade-offs indicate that the

achievement of SDG3 may

have negative effects and

deteriorate progress towards

the other linked SDGs.

Figure 3.7:

Interlinkages of SDG 3 with other goals

Source:

Based on literature review by JRC -

Interlinkages - targets | KnowSDGs

(europa.eu)

OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE IN SUPPORT OF SDG 3

Figure 3.8:

ODA to SDG 3 and interlinkages with other goals

The figure shows interlinkages among SDGs measured by number of projects reported, in the terms described in the figure

under SDG1.

Interlinkage data shows that EU projects which target good health and well-being are often directly

associated not only with the pursuit of SDG3 but also to a broader range of SDGs. EU data for 2022 shows

that a total of 104 projects targeted SDG3 as the main SDG. These projects contributed to other interlinked

SDGs, notably SDG5, SDG10 and SDG17. SDG3 was also reported as significant in 366 projects where

other SDGs were marked as main SDG. The main contributions came from projects targeting SDG1, SDG8

and SDG16 as the main SDG.

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SDG 4 – Quality education

EU SDG indicators

4.1 – Basic education

Participation in early childhood education

This indicator measures the

share of children between the

age of three and the starting

age of compulsory primary

education who participated in

early childhood education.

Figure 4.1:

Participation in early childhood education, EU, 2013-2020

(% of children aged 3 and over)

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_04_31)

Early leavers from education and training

Figure 4.2:

Early leavers from education and training, by sex, EU, 2010-2022

The indicator measures the

(% of population aged 18 to 24)

share of the population aged

18 to 24 with at most lower-

secondary education who were

not involved in any education or

training during the four weeks

preceding the survey.

Note: Breaks in time series in 2014 and 2021.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_04_10)

Low-achieving 15-year-olds in reading, mathematics or science

Figure 4.3:

Low-achieving 15-year-olds in reading, mathematics or science,

This indicator measures the

EU, 2009-2018 (% of 15-year-old students)

share of 15-year-old students

failing to reach level 2 (‘basic

skills level’) in the Programme

for International Student

Assessment (PISA) scale for

the three core school subjects of

reading, mathematics and

science.

Source:

OECD (Eurostat online data code:

sdg_04_40)

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4.2 – Tertiary education

Tertiary educational attainment

Figure 4.4:

Tertiary educational attainment, by sex, EU, 2010-2022

This indicator measures the

share of the population aged 25

(% of population aged 25 to 34)

to 34 who have successfully

completed tertiary studies (for

example, at university or a higher

technical institution). The data

refer to ISCED 1997 levels 5-6

up to 2013 and to ISCED 2011

levels 5-8 from 2014 onwards.

Note: Breaks in time series in 2014 and 2021.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_04_20)

4.3 – Adult learning

Adult participation in learning

Figure 4.5:

Adult participation in learning, EU, 2010-2022

This indicator refers to people

(% of population aged 25 to 64)

aged 25 to 64 who stated they

received formal or non-formal

education and training in the four

weeks preceding the survey as a

share of the total population of

this age group.

Note: Breaks in time series in 2013 and 2021.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_04_60)

4.4 – Digital skills

Share of adults having at least basic digital skills

This indicator shows the share

Figure 4.6:

Share of adults having at least basic digital skills, by sex, EU,

2021 (% of individuals aged 16 to 74)

of people who have at least

basic digital skills, which

comprises the two highest out

of six levels measured. It is a

composite indicator based on

selected activities performed by

individuals on the internet.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_04_70)

Further data on the SDGs are available in the Eurostat database on the EU SDG indicators

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database.

kom (2023) 0700 - Ingen titel

SYNERGIES AND TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN SDGS

The figure shows positive

(synergies) and negative

(trade-offs) interactions

between SDG4 and other

SDGs. Synergies indicate that

progress of SDG4 may

contribute or enable progress

on the other connected SDGs.

Trade-offs indicate that the

achievement of SDG4 may

have negative effects and

deteriorate progress towards

the other linked SDGs.

Figure 4.7:

Interlinkages of SDG 4 with other goals

Source:

Based on literature review by JRC -

Interlinkages - targets | KnowSDGs

(europa.eu)

OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE IN SUPPORT OF SDG 4

Figure 4.8:

ODA to SDG 4 and interlinkages with other goals

The figure shows interlinkages among SDGs measured by number of projects reported, in the terms described in the figure

under SDG1.

EU data for 2022 shows that a total of 125 projects targeted education (SDG4) as the main SDG. These

projects contributed to other interlinked SDGs, notably the fight against inequalities (SDG5 &10) and the

pursue of decent work and economic growth (SDG8). SDG4 was also reported as significant in 374 actions

where other SDGs were marked as main SDG. The main contributions came from actions targeting SDG1,

SDG8 and SDG16 as the main SDG.

kom (2023) 0700 - Ingen titel

SDG 5 – Gender equality

EU SDG indicators

5.1 – Gender-based violence

Physical and sexual violence to women

This indicator measures the

share of women who had

experienced physical and/or

sexual violence within the 12

months prior to the interview.

Figure 5.1:

Physical and sexual violence to women experienced within 12

months prior to the interview, by age group, EU, 2012 (% of women)

Source:

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) (Eurostat online data

code:

sdg_05_10)

5.2 – Employment

Gender pay gap in unadjusted form

Figure 5.2:

Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, EU, 2010-2021

The gender pay gap in

unadjusted form represents the

(% of average gross hourly earnings of men)

difference between average

gross hourly earnings of male

paid employees and of female

paid employees as a percentage

of average gross hourly earnings

of male paid employees.

Note: Data for 2019–2021 are provisional.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_05_20)

Gender employment gap

The gender employment gap is

Figure 5.3:

Gender employment gap, EU, 2009-2022

(percentage points)

defined as the difference

between the employment rates

of men and women aged 20 to

64. The employment rate is

calculated by dividing the number

of people aged 20 to 64 in

employment by the total

population of the same age

group.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_05_30)

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People outside the labour force due to caring responsibilities

Figure 5.4:

People outside the labour force due to caring responsibilities, by

This indicator measures the

proportion of the population that

sex, EU, 2010-2022 (% of population aged 20 to 64)

is outside the labour force due to

‘care of adults with disabilities or

children’ and ‘other family or

personal reasons’. These people

are not working or actively

seeking work, nor are they

available to work even if they

have found a job.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_05_41)

5.3 – Leadership positions

Seats held by women in national parliaments

Figure 5.5:

Seats held by women in national parliaments, EU, 2010-2022

This indicator refers to the

proportion of women in national

(% of seats)

parliaments in both chambers

(lower house and upper house,

where relevant).

Source:

European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) (Eurostat online data code:

sdg_05_50)

Positions held by women in senior management

Figure 5.6:

Positions held by women in senior management, EU, 2010-2022

This indicator measures the

share of female board members

(% of board members)

in the largest publicly listed

companies.

Source:

European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) (Eurostat online data code:

sdg_05_60)

Further data on the SDGs are available in the Eurostat database on the EU SDG indicators

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database.

kom (2023) 0700 - Ingen titel

SYNERGIES AND TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN SDGS

The figure shows positive

(synergies) and negative

(trade-offs) interactions

between SDG5 and other

SDGs. Synergies indicate that

progress of SDG5 may

contribute or enable progress

on the other connected SDGs.

Trade-offs indicate that the

achievement of SDG5 may

have negative effects and

deteriorate progress towards

the other linked SDGs.

Figure 5.7:

Interlinkages of SDG 5 with other goals

Source:

Based on literature review by JRC -

Interlinkages - targets | KnowSDGs

(europa.eu)

OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE IN SUPPORT OF SDG 5

Figure 5.8:

ODA to SDG 5 and interlinkages with other goals

The figure shows interlinkages among SDGs measured by number of projects reported, in the terms described in the figure

under SDG1.

Interlinkage data shows that gender equality is predominantly a cross-cutting issue across all SDGs. EU

data for 2022 shows that a total of 35 actions targeted SDG5 as the main SDG. These actions contributed

to other interlinked SDGs, notably SDG3, SDG4, SDG6 and SDG10. In comparison, SDG5 was also

reported as significant in 1 302 actions where other SDGs were marked as main SDG. The main

contributions came from actions targeting SDG4, SDG8, SDG13 and SDG16 as the main SDG.

kom (2023) 0700 - Ingen titel

SDG 6 – Clean water and sanitation

EU SDG indicators

6.1 – Sanitation

People living in households without basic sanitary facilities

This indicator reflects the share

Figure 6.1:

Population having neither a bath, nor a shower, nor indoor

of total population having neither

flushing toilet in their household, EU, 2010-2020 (% of population)

a bath, nor a shower, nor an

indoor flushing toilet in their

household.

Note: Data for 2010–2019 are estimated. The frequency of the data collection has been

changed from annually to every three years, meaning no data were collected for 2021

and 2022.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_06_10)

Population connected to at least secondary waste water treatment

Waste water treatment systems

Figure 6.2:

Population connected to at least secondary waste water

with at least secondary treatment

treatment, EU, 2010-2020 (% of population)

involve biological treatment with

a secondary settlement or other

process that removes organic

material and reduces its

biochemical oxygen demand

(BOD) by at least 70% and

chemical oxygen demand (COD)

by at least 75%.

Note: Eurostat estimates.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_06_20)

6.2 – Water quality

Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers

Figure 6.3:

Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers, EU, 2010-2020

The mean annual 5-day

(mg O2 per litre)

biochemical oxygen demand

(BOD5) in rivers is a measure of

the amount of oxygen that

aerobic microorganisms need to

decompose organic substances

in a water sample over a 5-day

period in the dark at 20°C. The

cleanest rivers have a 5-day

BOD of less than 1 milligram per

Note: ‘EU’ refers to an aggregate based on 18 Member States.

litre (mg/L).

Source:

EEA (Eurostat online data code:

sdg_06_30)

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Nitrate in groundwater

Figure 6.4:

Nitrate in groundwater, EU, 2010-2020

Data on the concentration of

nitrate (NO

) in groundwater are

(mg NO3 per litre)

taken from well samples and

aggregated to annual average

concentrations for groundwater

bodies in Europe. While the

indicator is relatively robust in

presenting the overall trend, the

distribution of measuring stations

might mask exceedances of

nitrate levels in certain polluted

areas.

Source:

EEA (Eurostat online data code:

sdg_06_40)

Note: ‘EU’ refers to an aggregate based on 18 Member States.

Phosphate in rivers

Figure 6.5:

Phosphate in rivers, EU, 2010-2020

This indicator measures the

(mg PO4 per litre)

concentration of phosphate

(PO

) per litre in the dissolved

phase from water samples from

river stations and aggregated to

annual average values.

Note: ‘EU’ refers to an aggregate based on 18 Member States.

Source:

EEA (Eurostat online data code:

sdg_06_50)

6.3 – Water scarcity

Water exploitation index (WEI+)

Figure 6.6:

Water exploitation index (WEI+), EU, 2010-2019

The regionalised water

(% of renewable water resources)

exploitation index (WEI+)

measures total freshwater use as

a percentage of the long-term

annual average available water

(LTAA) from renewable fresh

water resources (groundwater

and surface water) at a given

time and place. It quantifies how

much water is abstracted and

how much is returned after use

to the environment via basins.

Source:

EEA (Eurostat online data code:

sdg_06_60)

Further data on the SDGs are available in the Eurostat database on the EU SDG indicators

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database.

kom (2023) 0700 - Ingen titel

SYNERGIES AND TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN SDGS

The figure shows positive

(synergies) and negative

(trade-offs) interactions

between SDG6 and other

SDGs. Synergies indicate that

progress of SDG6 may

contribute or enable progress

on the other connected SDGs.

Trade-offs indicate that the

achievement of SDG6 may

have negative effects and

deteriorate progress towards

the other linked SDGs.

Figure 6.7:

Interlinkages of SDG 6 with other goals

Source:

Based on literature review by JRC -

Interlinkages - targets | KnowSDGs

(europa.eu)

OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE IN SUPPORT OF SDG 6

Figure 6.8:

ODA to SDG 6 and interlinkages with other goals

The figure shows interlinkages among SDGs measured by number of projects reported, in the terms described in the figure

under SDG1.

Data shows that SDG6 is strongly interlinked with multiple SDGs. EU data for 2022 shows that a total of 61

actions targeted SDG6 as the main SDG. These actions have a strong gender (SDG5) and health (SDG3)

component, and are also important from an urban, environment and climate perspective (SDGs 11, 13, &

14). SDG6 was also reported as significant in 351 actions where other SDGs were marked as main SDG.

The main contributions came from actions targeting SDG1, SDG8 and SDG9 as the main SDG.

kom (2023) 0700 - Ingen titel

SDG 7 – Affordable and clean energy

EU SDG indicators

7.1 – Energy consumption

Primary and final energy consumption

Figure 7.1:

Primary and final energy consumption, EU, 2010-2021

Primary energy consumption

(million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe))

represents a country’s total

energy demand before any

transformation, excluding energy

carriers used for non-energy

purposes. Final energy

consumption covers the energy

consumed by end users, such as

industry, transport, households,

services and agriculture.

Source:

Eurostat (online data codes:

sdg_07_10

and

sdg_07_11)

Final energy consumption in households per capita

This indicator measures how

much energy each citizen

consumes at home, excluding

transport. Data are not

temperature-adjusted, so

variations from year to year are

due in part to weather.

Figure 7.2:

Final energy consumption in households per capita, EU, 2010-

2021 (kg of oil equivalent)

Note: Multiple breaks in population data time series; 2018–2021 population data are

provisional estimates.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_07_20)

Energy productivity

Figure 7.3:

Energy productivity, EU, 2010-2021

This indicator measures the

(EUR per kgoe)

amount of economic output

produced per unit of gross

available energy, which

represents the quantity of energy

products needed to satisfy all

demand of bodies in the

geographical area under

consideration.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_07_30)

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7.2 – Energy supply

Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption

This indicator is defined as the

Figure 7.4:

Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, by

sector, EU, 2010-2021 (%)

share of renewable energy

consumption in gross final energy

consumption. The gross final

energy consumption is the

energy used by end consumers

plus grid losses and power

plants’ own consumption.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_07_40)

Energy import dependency

Figure 7.5:

Energy import dependency, by product, EU, 2010-2021

Energy import dependency

shows the share of a country’s

(% of imports in gross available energy)

total energy needs that are met

by imports from other countries.

It is calculated as net imports (i.e.

imports minus exports) divided by

the gross available energy.

Note: ‘Total’ is not the average of the three fuel categories shown but includes other

sources, such as renewables or nuclear energy, which are treated as domestic sources.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_07_50)

7.3 – Access to affordable energy

Population unable to keep home adequately warm

Figure 7.6:

Population unable to keep home adequately warm, EU, 2010-

This indicator measures the

share of people unable to afford

2021 (% of population)

to keep their home adequately

warm. Data collection is based

on a survey, which means that

indicator values are self-reported.

Note: 2010–2019 data are estimated.

Source:

Eurostat (online data code:

sdg_07_60)

Further data on the SDGs are available in the Eurostat database on the EU SDG indicators

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database.

kom (2023) 0700 - Ingen titel

SYNERGIES AND TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN SDGS

The figure shows positive

(synergies) and negative

(trade-offs) interactions

between SDG7 and other

SDGs. Synergies indicate that

progress of SDG7 may

contribute or enable progress

on the other connected SDGs.

Trade-offs indicate that the

achievement of SDG7 may

have negative effects and

deteriorate progress towards

the other linked SDGs.

Figure 7.7:

Interlinkages of SDG 7 with other goals

Source:

Based on literature review by JRC -

Interlinkages - targets |

KnowSDGs (europa.eu)

OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE IN SUPPORT OF SDG 7

Figure 7.8:

ODA to SDG 7 and interlinkages with other goals

The figure shows interlinkages among SDGs measured by number of projects reported, in the terms described in the figure

under SDG1.

EU data for 2022 shows that a total of 57 actions targeted SDG7 as the main SDG. These actions play an

important role in projects targeting poverty eradication (SDG1), economic growth (SDG8) and climate

change (SDG13). SDG7 was also reported as significant in 460 actions where other SDGs were marked as

main SDG. The main contributions came from actions targeting SDG1, SDG8 and SDG13 as the main

SDG.